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VELIGER
A Quarterly published by CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC.
Berkeley, California
Volume 7
July 1, 1964 to April 1, 1965
Volume 7
THE VELIGER
Page III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A new cowrie race from North West Australia.
F A. Scuiwver & W. O. CERNOHORSKY ........ 225 A new name for Murex rhyssus DALL, 1919.
WVITIELTAN IEE MERSON Uiniiait crave sialic cieleiale «sie, 5 A new species of Primovula from the Philippines.
CRAWEORD) ING: GATE (is yreiete ssi sieye leyeicueisiss sieves seis 102
A new species of the lamellibranch genus Aligena from western Canada.
IL, MICHIE COMMAS Gogac0ood 6o dopo poneodeDoedne 108 A proposed reclassification of the family Marginellidae.
EUGENE B GOANG slay sereneeicneser shaloipisuete rerajshoieiiosovee. 184 A statistical study in fossil cowries.
BRAN ZV AIEERED) SCHIEDER « aiatasic se shen ses seis 236
Books, Pertopicats & PAMPHLETS .. 58, 153, 203, 255
Burrowing limitations in Pelecypoda.
WEEE MBRGP ARMSTRONG rat cies siege sien sleiersieisiniesie « 195 Cypraea, a list of the species. JERRVAR DON OMUE Carrside cid eisinitaser catenin 219
Discussion of the Mytilus californianus community on newly constructed rock jetties in Southern California
DONALDS MIREISH 325 Gio s tele: Gist Gelagals oem 95 Function of the cephalic tentacles in Littorina planaxis PHILIPPI. IRONAUDUIOWRETERS) sinc a. scacieds ss ee cues ne os 143 Growth of three species of Acmaea. SEIGERM WN ERAN KM hs ciescln a/sicrue te site dealers retrace 201
Habitats and breeding seasons of the shelf limpet, Crepidula norrisiarum WILLIAMSON.
Nettie MacGrinitige « Grorce E. MacGinitir .. 34 Kitchen midden mollusks of San Luis Gonzaga Bay. AU GENER COANE ea ric tesa cc aires lod eoeeba eet eta 216
Macroscopic algal food of Littorina planaxis Puitippr and Littorina scutulata GouLp.
PARTELURY VON MID ATT cei ane sie cine aialecic ne belt ¢ 139 Mating behavior in Littorina planaxis Putviprt. DANIET] G» GIBSON, TT) 225.6 oh acne sec ee oe ee 134
Microscopic algal food of Littorina planaxis Puiiprt and Littorina scutulata Goutp. IMIGHAR IS SMINOSTERS . ays) 2/2.c.4 ncn ena orecos ache ciers): 149 Musculus pygmaeus spec. nov., a minute mytilid of the high intertidal zone at Monterey Bay, California. IBETERMW i GLYININIGH ion xn Ser ns a oe ee ihm wine Soins 121 New and otherwise interesting species of mollusks from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. Donatp R. SHasky & G. Bruce CAMPBELL ..... 114 New information on the distribution of marine Mollusca on the coast of British Columbia. MS NIGMS COWAN Marae eeiskecharaacsvacis avg) cue ci slcletnes 110 New species of mollusks from the coast of Brazil. BERNARD TuRSCH & JEAN PIERRET ............ 35
New species of Recent and fossil West American aspido- branch gastropods. James H. MCLEAN «20.2. .2.-0.s0creeceee ee 129 New terebrid species from the Indo-Pacific ocean and from the Gulf of Mexico, with new locality records and provisional lists of species collected in Western Australia and at Sabah, Malaysia. Re WBURCHeME ere erry ister cts -rerepereciates- eer 241 Note on a range extension and observations of spawning in Tegula, a gastropod.
INVUNIGIS) IP WIVUCIE oooccocc0snn00000GdDOnUDKS 233 INOTESHS NEW SIERO r ne 58, 152, 201, 254 Notes on the peculiar egg laying habit of an antarctic
Prosobranch . Oat, Wh le laMes oootcdoosodannoCoOUeCOOS 45
On the distribution of Tresus capax and Tresus nuttalli in the waters of Puget Sound and the San Juan
Archipelago. GIR IR IBINROS coococodsdodoospodcoeDonodGoe 166 Predator-prey reactions between two prosobranch gastro- pods. JEFFERSON |=) GONORMEeE saeiaere cise os aia 228
Provisional classification of the genus Notocypraca ScuiLper, 1927.
ERANZE SEEREDE SCEMUDERS errei siiye a < ec-fele ete 21) Systematics of the Hawaiian Littorina FERUSSAC.
\DANNias, AL \WiEMIAUS Sobdcoscngo00cc0des- 155 Ten new species of Typhinae (Gastropoda: Muricidae )
A. Myra Keen & G. Brucr CAMPBELL ........ 46
The color pattern of Hermissenda crassicornis (EscHscnortz, 1631).
WrRikre Eye DUR GCINGHEI acorns ora ctor aec 205 The Conidae of Fiji.
WALTER OLivER CERNOHORSKY ...........+-. 61 The cowries established by Corn in 1949.
RRANZ PAT EREDES CHIEDERM nn reeierieciereeianaiiee 103
The egg capsule and young of Beringius eyerdami SmirH (Neptuneidae).
Io UM IGE COMIN wiotieg adibpcdu ce DO oda GOo pea 43 The fine structure of the follicle gland of the snail, Lymnaea auricularia (Gastropoda: Pulmonata).
R. S. Nisuioka, L. Stimpson «& H. A. BERN ... 1 The geographical distribution of cowries. BRAN Ze ALERED)-OGHIVDER stats) si-leyeieie sells ie oie 171 The Mollusca of the Santa Barbara County area. Part I - Pelecypoda and Scaphopoda.
EUGENE COANI RELY err iitoicin ese eee ines 29 Three dimensional reconstructions of the nests of Helix aspersa. EREDERIERZ BERGE Am Eee Giacinto ee ee 234 Western Australian cowries. CRAY ORD ENE CATER EEE een nner 7
Page IV THE VELIGER Volume 7
UU SEES
AUTHOR INDEX
Anion, Downy Ci oo0cg0000000090000 (59), (255) ARMSTRONG UGE Ra ae Oo ener cre 195 BEUCIK, VERANCISIy Eee ener cioiia roe cio re ors 233 Bern, Howarp A. see NisHioka, R. S., L. Simpson & — Bur eri RD ai icy ic ech eee 241 BURGIN; UERIKE wien iss cca eer restorer 205
CaMPBELL, G. Bruce see Kren, A. Myra & — see SHASKy, DONALD R. & —
CATE a CRAW HORDE NITE eer ere 7, 102 Cave; JEANS Meee eee vice ioe (59) a @53)) COAN, BEUGENER Were rar car 29, 184, 216 GOWAN, TEMG TS Oa eilene aise creiens oyens euler 43, 108, 110 CERNOHORSKY, WALTER OLIVER ..........-- 61, 152 see also SCHILDER, FRANZ ALFRED & —
IDATEHL,, ARIE ILKAON scooccocccco00b 000000006 139 DONOHUE JERR YanMer ccc trio hoe criere yori 2t9 DURHAM, WATER alae loot isles scorer ecoics one lereteiere (153) linvmasomy, Wii IS occoooccedo00c000000000 5 Foster, MICHARWRISS 00a lo. cio aac omen kettle te 149 FRANK. RETER) Willi cide ecu sles cketercnctetrerelionieniae 6 201 GinSon DANTE RNG UGK everte erence nse rcis 134 GiVNNGRETER | Wee. ciiac codec aioe eters loaeea a 121 GoNOR OG JERRERSON WAM sais ae ona seen raeiee 228 PLEDGPET HA AJOELUW 5 uegnoletsin sections ceeena es 45, (203) HEeErTLEIN, LEo GEorGE .......... (8) @l53))203)) HERZBERG, ERED Ig cuptetersicke oases cheno e a one rere aie cauenorees 234 Krenn Ay Myrapee erase cance (G3), (QD), (28S) Kren, A. Myra & G. BRUCE CAMPBELL ........ 45 MacGinitiz, Nettie & Grorce E. MacGinitie .. 34 Mclean, JAMES UEeg ak asics acts sclceera cece 129 NisHioKA, R. S., L. Simpson & H. A. Bern ...... 1 PEARCE? AJACKY Bui visi Seetelauts se Sena ee eee 166 PETERS RONALD issn siete tain oie or etieaeteencee ayers 143 PiERRET, JEAN see TuRSCH, BERNARD & —
SCHILDER, FRANZ ALFRED ........ 37, 103, 171, 236 ScHILDER, FE A. & W. O. CeRNOHORSKY .......... 225
Suasky, Donatp R. «& G. Bruce Camppett .... 114 Stmpson, L. see NisHioka, R. S., —, « H. A. Bern
STOHLERS SRUDOLE Se ee aaat ee ae (154) Turscu, BERNARD & JEAN PYERRET ............. 35 WHIPPLE JJEANNETREVAG 9 sc o> bist one oie 155
VELIGER
A Quarterly published by CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC.
Berkeley, California
VOLUME 7 JuLy 1, 1964 NuMBER I CONTENTS The Fine Structure of the Follicle Gland of the Snail, Lymnaea auricularia (Gastropoda : Pulmonata) Plates 1 to 4
Ricuarp S. Niswioka, LEoNarpD Simpson, & Howarp A. BERN . . ... . . =I A New Name for Murex rhyssus Dau, 1919. (Mollusca : Gastropoda).
AV VME ETI ENTERS ONG ee) ee Mele eed ds coc) al) Versa) yal Wer Gyei een iG Western Australian Cowries (Mollusca : Gastropoda). (Plate 5; 1 Map)
Crawrorp N. Care
“I
The Mollusca of the Santa Barbara County Area. Part I- Pelecypoda and
Scaphopoda. EucENE CoANn i HED OG GAN tS OR ERAS AU AA aL AN a eI gE) Habitats and Breeding Seasons of the Shelf Limpet Crepidula norrisiarum WILLIAMSON (Mollusca : Gastropoda) . (Plate 6) NEriEe MAcGinimiry ss GEORGEPEAy MACGININE, yp 3 eH
New Species of Mollusks from the Coast of Brazil. (5 Text figures) BERNARD MOURSCHE& PAN VOIERRE Tot Wiesel Sa con 6EF ne ee ey ce se BG
Provisional Classification of the Genus Notocypraea SCHILDER, 1927 (Cypraeidae).
RAN Ze AUEREDSOCELEDER) (1 hy Wamihn tee Cusine IS el ee Coe wk ep eee a Deh a OM The Egg Capsule and Young of Beringius eyerdami SmitH (Neptuneidae) (Mollusca : Gastropoda). (Plate 7) I. McT. Cowan Ree ea MET ot, to et ei em Melee aia NM oe ee te Coy veh Nao Ve
[ Continued on Inside Front Cover |
AR" A SS OS ESSE SE EI
=
Distributed free to Members of the California Malacozoological Society, Inc.
pee ee et ee es ee
Subscriptions (by Volume only) payable in advance to Calif. Malacozoological Soc.,Inc. Volume 7: $7.50 Domestic; $7.90 in the Americas; $8.10 all other Foreign Countries. $2.50 for single copies of current volume only. Postage extra.
Send subscriptions to: Mrs. JEAN M. Cate, Manager, 12719 San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90049. Address all other correspondence to: Dr. R. STOHLER, Editor, Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Second-Class Postage paid at Berkeley, California.
CONTENTS — Continued
Notes on the Peculiar Egg Laying Habit of an Antarctic Prosobranch (Mollusca : Gastropoda). (1 Text figure)
Jor W. HepcPreTu
Ten New Species of Typhinae (Gastropoda : Muricidae). (Plates 8 to 11; 3 Text figures)
A. Myra Keen « G. BRucE CAMPBELL . NOTES & NEWS BOOKS, PERIODICALS & PAMPHLET'S
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ORDER, Suborder, DIVISION, Subdivision, SECTION, SUPERFAMILY, FAmILy, Subfamily, Genus, (Subgenus).
New Taxa
Wolk Now|
THE VELIGER
Page |
The Fine Structure of the Follicle Gland
of the Snail, Lymnaea auricularia
(Mollusca: Gastropoda)
BY
RICHARD S. NISHIOKA LEONARD SIMPSON
AND
HOWARD A. BERN
Department of Zoology and its Cancer Research Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, and Diablo Valley College, Concord, California
(Plates 1 to 4)
INTRODUCTION
THE FOLLICLE GLAND of the cerebral ganglion of pulmon- ate gastropods was first described by pE Nazias (1898) and by PELSENEER (1901). It has recently been reinvesti- gated by Lever and his colleagues in Amsterdam (LEveER, 1958; Lever et al., 1959; Lever and Joosse, 1961) in several basommatophoran and stylommatophoran species. On the basis of light-microscope observations, Lever has raised the possibility that the follicle gland is a neuro- endocrine organ with neurosecretory activities. WAUTIER et al. (1961) consider the gland in Gundlachia as devoted exclusively to secretion. In Arion, VAN Mot (1960) describes an equivalent structure as a non-neural endo- crine organ (the “cephalic gland”), and this opinion is apparently shared by Notte (1963), who terms a similar organ “cerebral gland” in the Helicidae. However, an embryonic vesicle giving rise to neurons but disappearing in later development is also described by SANCHEZ & Borp (1958) in Helix aspersa. Whether all these cerebral vesicles represent the same entity is difficult to decide. The present study of the ultrastructure of the follicle gland was undertaken initially in the hope of finding a simple neurosecretory system, spatially restricted in scope, in which the formation, transport, and release of neuro- secretion could be studied in neurons with short axonal processes. In addition, the gross structural similarity of this gland to the epistellar body of the octopus and to the parolfactory vesicles of squids has raised the possibility that mollusks generally might possess a family of related vesicular organs associated with the nervous system (cf. Nisuioka e¢ al., 1962; BERN & Hacaporn, 1964).
MATERIALS anp METHODS
The adult freshwater snails, Lymnaea auricularia (identi- fied by Dr. R. Stohler), used in this study were collected
from Grayson Creek near Concord, California. The speci- mens used for light microscopy were fixed in Stieve’s and Helly’s fixatives, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5y1 and stained with paraldehyde fuchsin. The animals used for electron-microscope observations were fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide buffered with veronal-acetate (pH 7.5) and embedded in Maraglas-Cardolite (FREEMAN & SPUR- Lock, 1962). Thin sections were cut on a Porter-Blum microtome, picked up on formvar-coated copper grids backed with carbon, stained with uranium acetate (WatT- SON, 1958) and lead citrate (REyNotps, 1963), and examined in a RCA EMU 3G electron microscope.
OBSERVATIONS
The follicle gland is located laterally in the lateral lobes of the cerebral ganglion, adjacent to the epineurial cap- sule. ‘The follicle itself consists of a single layer of low columnar epithelioid cells surrounding an ovoid lumen (Figure 1). In adult specimens, the follicle has an average diameter of about 30u, and its epithelial wall is about 10 thick.
Paraldehyde fuchsin-positive colloidal material is pres- ent within the lumen. Most of this material is generally found just apical to the follicle cells. The presence of a low, irregular brush-border is discernible on the follicle cells in areas where only a small amount of colloid sub- stance is present.
There were no neurons filled with paraldehyde fuchsin- positive droplets in the lateral lobe of Lymnaea auricula- ria, as have been described by Lever (1958), Lever et al. (1959), and Lever & Joosse (1961) in several species of Basommatophora, including L. stagnalis. Only a haze of fuchsinophilic material was observed in a few neuron perikarya and axons. As a result neuronal processes were difficult to trace with certainty in our preparations. Most
Page 2
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7 Now
of the nerve processes of the lateral lobe neurons appear to enter the neuropil of the adjacent cerebral lobe. Other processes were directed toward the follicle, but it could not be determined whether they terminated in associ- ation with the follicle.
Ultrastructural observations failed to establish the pres- ence of neurosecretory material in the lumen of the follicle gland. Instead, the lumen is occupied by randomly-ori- ented microvilli and cilia, except for a small, clear central area (Figures 2 and 3). The branching microvilli extend from the apices of the epithelioid cells to form a dense network. Intermingled with the microvilli are cilia, which extend into the lumen from the processes of less common neuron-like cells that also contribute to the follicle wall.
The cytoplasm of the epithelioid cells is dense, except at the apical margin, and contains many ribosomes, some of which are associated with cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (Figures 4 and 5). The mitochondria and Golgi apparatus appear typical in form. Some multivesicular bodies and lysosome-like bodies are also present. The nuc- lei are generally ovoid, oriented perpendicular to the capsule.
The processes of the neuron-like cells can be distin- guished from the cytoplasm of epithelioid cells owing to their lack of density (Figures 2 to 5). A few ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, in addition to some small vesicles of variable size. The mitochondria are large and irregular in shape. The cristae are distantly spaced, there- by giving the mitochondria an empty appearance (Figures + and 5). Vhe nuclei of the neuron-like cells are larger than those of the epithelioid cells. Some of the former cells we prescnt within the capsule surrounding the follicle; the perikarya of others are presumably located outside the capsule (Figure 3).
The neurons present in the small area of the lateral lobe adjacent to the follicle were cursorily examined in the electron microscope. These neurons possessed the usual organelles, and some also contained numerous vesicles of assorted sizes. Certain of these neurons contained mito- chondria resembling those found in the processes of the follicle gland. No typical elementary neurosecretory gran- ules (electron-dense, in the 1000 to 3000A range) were found in any of the neurons examined in the lateral lobe. However, many neurons with typical neurosecretory granules have been encountered in the cerebral ganglion
proper. DISCUSSION
The follicle gland of Lymnaca auricularia superficially las a neuroendocrine appearance at the light-microscope level, Liver (1958), Lever et al. (1959), and Lever «& Joosse (1961) have studied this structure in several specics of Basommatophora and Stvlommatophora and
have rcported that an occasional bipolar neuron sends a process into the limen; the lumen is often filled with densely-staining material, which they assume is neuro- secretion.
On the clectron-microscope level no electron-dense neurosecretory granules could be found in the follicle gland or in the lateral lobe of the cerebral ganglion in which it is located. The fuchsinophilia of the follicle contents is ascribed to accumulations of microvilli. The fuchsinophilic “secretion” of the octopus epistellar body also proved to be stacks of microvilli (NisHIoKA et al., 1962).
It is of interest that pe Nasias (1898) described the presence of cilia in the lumen of the follicle gland, which were attached to processes of the surrounding bipolar cells. To this pioneer investigator, the neuron-epithelium rclation in the follicle gland was reminiscent of that seen in the vertebrate olfactory receptor.
It is conceivable that the masses of randomly arranged microvilli of the follicle gland located within the “brain” could reflect a former photoreceptive function of this structure, in an ontogenetic or a phylogenetic sense. Studies of the eye of two land gastropods, Helix aspersa (Eakin, 1963) and Helix pomatia (ROHLICH & TOROK, 1963), have shown that their photoreceptors are rhabdo- meric in type, composed of microvilli radially arranged on the sensory cell process. Although the molluscan photo- receptor is typically rhabdomeric, CLarK (1963) has reported that the eye of Vivzparus maleatus is of the ciliary type. Accordingly, the presence of cilia on the presumably neuronal processes extending into the lumen could also be in accord with a possible photoreceptive structure. However, it would be too facile to suggest that all closed vesicles, such as the follicle gland, associated with the protostome nervous system, are vestigial photo- receptors. In fact, the persistent follicles in gastropods are remnants of the embryonic cerebral tubes, at one time connected to the exterior. Some special sensory function of these structures (cf. DE NaiAs, 1898) is certainly con- ceivable, but there is no good basis for emphasizing photo- reception.
A combined light- and electron-microscope study of neurosecretory phenomena in another basommatophoran snail, Helisoma tenue, now in progress, has demonstrated that the structural characteristics of the follicle gland in this animal are in accord with those described herein for Lymnaea.
In sum, the ultrastructural attributes of the follicle gland fail to support a neurosecretory role for this organ, and the data in favor of a photoreceptive function are meager at best. The true nature of the follicle “gland” remains unknown, but a sensory function of some sort, at least in embryonic life, remains a possibility.
Vol. 7; No. 1 THE VELIGER Page 3 SUMMARY Lever, J. . 1958. On the occurrence of a paired follicle gland in the
The follicle gland of Lymnaea auricularia has been investigated with the light and the electron microscopes for evidence of neurosecretory function. Paraldehyde fuchsin-staining material is present in the follicle gland. At the electron-microscope level numerous microvilli and some cilia are found projecting into the lumen from the cells forming the vesicle wall. Two cell types, one epi- thelioid and the other neuron-like, contribute to the make-up of the follicle. The microvilli project from the apical ends of the epithelioid cells, and the cilia are attached to processes of the neuron-like cells. No elemen- tary neurosecretory granules were encountered in the follicle gland, and the role of the organ is enigmatic, although a sensory function in early life remains a possibility.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are indebted to Mr. John Soubier for photographic assistance. Aided by National Science Foundation Grant G - 8805.
LITERATURE CITED
Bern, Howarp A. & Irvine R. Hacaporn 1964. | Neurosecretion. Chapter 6 in Buttock « Horripce: Structure and function in the nervous system of invertebrates.
W. H. Freeman Co., San Francisco (in press) CxiarKk, ALLEN W.
1963. Fine structure of two invertebrate photoreceptor cells. Journ. Cell Biol. 19: 14A (abstract)
bE Nasias, B. 1898. Recherches sur le systéme nerveaux des Gastéropodes
Pulimonés aquatiques. Cerveau des Limnées (Limnaca_stag-
nalis). Soc. Sci. d’Arcachon (Stat. Zool.) : 43 - 72 agin, Ricuarp M.
1963. Lines of evolution of photoreceptors. In: General physiology of cell specialization, D. Mazia and A. Ty.er, eds., 393 - 425, McGraw-Hill, New York Freeman, James A. « Ben O. Spurtock
1962. A new epoxy embedment for electron microscopy. Journ. Cell Biol. 13: 437 - 443
lateral lobes of the cerebral ganglia of some Ancylidae. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Amsterdam, C 61: 235 - 242 Liver, J.. H. H. Borr, R. J. Tu. Durven, J. J. LAMMENS &
J. WaATTEL 1959. Some observations on follicle glands in pulmonates. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Amsterdam, C 62: 139 to 144
Luver, J. & J. Joosse 1961. | On the influence of the salt content of the medium on soe special neurosecretory cells in the lateral lobes of the cerebral ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Amsterdam, C 64: 630 - 639 Nisuioxa, Ricuarp S., Irvine R. Hacaporn « Howarp A. Bern 1962. Ultrastructure of the epistellar body of the octopus. Zeitschr. Zellforsch. 57: 406 - 421 No te, A. 1963. Eine Cerebraldriise bei Heliciden (Gastropoda). Licht-
und clektronenoptische Untersuchungen. Gen. Comp. Endo- crinol. 3: 721-722 (abstract)
PELSENEER, P.
1901. Etudes sur des Gastéropodes Pulmonés. Roy. Belgique 54: 1 - 76
Mém. Acad.
ReyNoLps, Epwarp S.
1963. ‘The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. Journ. Cell Biol. 17: 208 - 212
ROH LIcH, P « L. J. Torox
1963. Die Feinstruktur des Auges der Weinbergschnecke (Helix pomatia L.). Zeitschr. Zellforsch. 60: 348 - 368
SANCHEZ, SIMONE & CoLETTE Borp 1958. Origine des cellules neurosécrétrices chez Helix aspersa Mull. C. R. Acad. Sci. 246: 845 - 847 Van Mot, J.- J. 1960. Etude histologique de la glande céphalique au cours de
la croissance chez Arion rufus Linné. Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. Belgique 91: 45 - 55
Watson, M. L. 1958. Staining of tissue sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. | Journ. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 4: 475 - 478
Wactier, J., M. Pavans pE Ceccatty, M. RicHarpot, B. Buisson « M.-L. Hernanpez 1961. | Note sur les complexes neuro-endocriniens de Gund-
lachia sp. (Mollusque Ancylidae). Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon 30: 79 - 87
Page 4 THE VELIGER Vol. 7; No. 1
Explanation of Plate 1
Figure 1: Lateral lobe attached to portion of cerebral ganglion. Follicle gland (fg) containing small amount of fuchsinophilic material is outlined by broken line. ca: capsule; cg: cerebral ganglion; Il: lateral lobe. Paraldehyde fuchsin with counterstains. x870.
Figure 2: Portion of follicle gland sectioned centrally to show dense concentration of microvilli and cilia projecting into lumen. Two epithelioid cells (ec) with nuclei and three processes of neuron-like cells (nc) are shown.
Explanation of Plate 2
Figure 3: Montage of an elongate follicle gland sectioned at the periphery of the lumen (lu). Microvilli and cilia fill the lumen which is divided into two parts in this plane of section. Neuron-like cells and processes (nc) are less dense and contain irregular mitochondria. Some neuron-like cells are located external to the follicle wall and send processes through the capsule into the lumen. Epithelioid cells (ec) have small nuclei and dense cytoplasm. Connec- tive tissue capsule (ca) separates the follicle gland from the lateral lobe.
Explanation of: Plate 3 Figure 4: Section through wall of follicle gland. Neuron-like cell processes (nc) contain irregular mitochondria (mn) and less cytoplasmic structure. The epithelioid cell processes (ec) contain many ribosomes and typical mito- chondria (me). Soma of a neuron-like cell, with its nucleus (nx), as indicated by the nature of its mitochondria, is located at the bottom of the figure. Small double-walled cavities (mv) in cell processes presumably represent sec- tions through bases of microvilli. c: cilium.
Explanation of Plate 4
Figure 5: Apical part of neuron-like cell processes (nc) with three cilia (c) and basal bodies (bb) are shown. Irre- gular mitochondria (mn) are present in the process. Parts of two epithelioid cells (ec) containing many ribosomes are also shown. me: mitochondrion of epithclioid cell; mv: microvilli; ps: polystyrene particles.
Tue VEuicErR, Vol. 7, No. 1 [Nisuioka, SIMPSON, & BERN] Plate 1
Tue VEuicrEr, Vol. 7, No. 1 [NisH1oKa, Simpson, & BERN] Plate 2
Figure 3
r
Tue VE.icER, Vol. 7, No. 1 [Nisu10oKaA, Srmmpson, & Bern] Plate 3
Figure 4
i v 7 ' 7 ; _ r = ’ iD ty 3 WV : ‘ = : t : i y r = - a -)» & ¥ ro - ° ; se ‘ : : f i 4 Ci ‘ , , ; ; ; iy By 1 ‘i “ Sw i , i ' t / 4 7 { i} i ¥ i} 4 aN { eee, - = a i i 2 S, i = i i \ on on { ‘ os) ys 2 1 ? 2 Nin ane D coe = One 1 y i 4 1 1 Lae, es: s 1 WD tan eth ro : r 7 >» ee th me pe i i ioe i t i ; oe iy : ao Te - u j i = 1 : ae an mi : : 7 fw r oT) ay ‘ = } \ iM # FA a . x ‘ = ‘ t a = , é = Hay r i 4 : : ie : : 5 i : q ; i = 1 " ser! wy p Mh yy : aia i At Bee ton = ty v : r : 7 A , ; eran \ ' = yi ogy : = 2 2 le " = & im 1 4 7 a ce = 4 = 5 di { z } ) fs i ; t = ' ) 1 L no , ——e, v i <A 4 \ = + 1 if t y s { a zy nr f "5 cats D j , ‘ i = t i y i 1 "3 Da i ; . * 7: i ps = eat 7 ae ; are i i , - 1a i ‘ 4 & + aS . ‘ Pe Ge a - ,ee > x : - = x & ay u ny i By es 5 i nn G
Tue VE.icER, Vol. 7, No. 1 [Nisuioka, Simpson, & Bern] Plate 4
. ’
i oY i i ; ie in ¥ iy : AK : . 7” 7 eg ee ‘5 t 5 2! iy “Fe i (i) Ht a ! i es oS ~ — te as v oe, 3 > ¢ * 4 = Yr Av = Y i : ie na 1 i id ve erature ie , re e, Fy fog & ee ’ ry i eH SSSR 5 : : oI om , See. ane. - : i ee) eine iets Ane ee coe: ‘J 4 “* - { ~ a ~ ye
Vol. 7; No. 1
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Page 5
A New Name for Murex rhyssus DALL, 1919
(Mollusca: Gastropoda)
BY
WILLIAM K. EMERSON
Department of Living Invertebrates
American Museum of Natural History Seventy-ninth Street and Central Park West, New York, New York 10024
IN A PAPER in this journal entitled “On the Identity of Murex macropterus DesHAyEs, 1839,” I figured the type specimen and presented a synonymy of a related west American species that was described by Dati (1919) under the name of Murex (Alipurpura) rhyssus (see Emerson, 1964, p. 153, pl. 20, fig. 1). Mrs. Emily H. Vokes of Tulane University has kindly informed me that DaLw’s taxon is preoccupied by ALurex (Pteronotus) rhysus {sic} Tate (1888), a fossil from the Tertiary of Australia. Under the present Code (Article 58, section 6), “Iwo or more species-group names of the same origin and meaning and cited in the same nominal genus or collective group are to be considered homonyms if the only difference in spelling consists of the use of a single or double consonant” (Stott, et al., 1961, pp. 55, 56). I take pleasure in renaming Murex (Ali- purpura) rhyssus Dart (1919) in honor of Mrs. Vokes, who is an avid student of the Muricacea.
Pteropurpura (Pteropurpura) vokesae, new name
Murex (Pteropurpura) petri Dati, Dati, 1902,
PleesAan ove Wear SaiNee Wis icat. nos 122553) Not
Murex petri Darr, 1900.
Murex (Alipurpura) rhyssus Dat, 1919, vol. 56, p.
332; type locality: off San Pedro, California; type
depository: holotype, in the U.S. National Museum,
Washington, D. C., cat. no. 160500.
Murex (Alipurpura) rhyssa Dati, Otproyp, 1927,
p. 9, pl. 30, fig. 1 [figure of holotype].
Murex petri Dati, Oxrproyp, 1927, pl. 28, fig. 7
[copy of Dart (1902), pl. 34, fig. 7]. Not Murex
petri Dat, 1900.
Pteropurpura (?Pteropurpura) rhyssa (DALL),
Emerson, 1964, p. 153, pl. 20, fig. 1 [figure of holo-
type]
Not Murex (Pteronotus) rhysus TATE, 1888, pp. 95,
Jom plait, figs 7.
Type locality: Off San Pedro, California by original selection of Dati (1919).
Holotype: U.S. National Museum, cat. no. 160500
by original designation of Dati (1919). Remarks: This species has been dredged off the coast of southern California, from San Pedro to San Diego, in depths of 10 to 50 fathoms. Although beach specimens are rarely found, specimens sometimes are found in kelp holdfasts that have been washed ashore.
Before proposing a new name for Dall’s taxon, I undertook to determine the biological validity of this species, which approaches some specimens of the Ocene- bra erinaceoides complex, especially the form named Murex californicus by Hinns (1844a). Through the courtesy of Dr. Leo George Hertlein of the California Academy of Sciences and Mr. Emery P. Chace of the San Diego Natural History Museum, I recently examined the large series of specimens representing these taxa that are contained in the collections of these institutions. As a result of this study, I was able to conclude that Dall’s taxon does not represent a northern population of the Ocenebra erinaceotdes complex. In contrast to Pteropur- pura vokesae, which occurs subtidally, O. erinaceoides (VALENCIENNES) occurs commonly in the intertidal zone, ranging along the west coast of Baja California at Scam- mon Lagoon, San Ignacio Lagoon, Santa Maria Bay, and Magdalena Bay and occurs in the upper half of the Gulf of California from Punta Penasco, Sonora and Puerte- citos, Baja California southward to Guaymas, Sonora and Concepcion Bay, Baja California. These distributional patterns suggest that Pteropurpura vokesae is restricted to the subtidal waters of the Californian faunal province, whereas the northern populations of O. erinaceoides are apparently limited to the warm waters of several of the bays in the southern transitional zone of the Californian province and the subtropical to tropical waters of the extreme northern part of the Panamic faunal province.
It should be noted in passing that the original descrip- tion of Murex erinaceoides VALENCIENNES (1832, p.
302) is largely undiagnostic, a conclusion reached by
CarPENTER (1857 a, p. 527) more than one hundred
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Vol. 7; No. |
years ago. Although VaLeNciENNES did not illustrate this species, he did compare it with Murex erinaceus Lrynaeus from Europe and gave “Habitat ad portum Acapulco” [Guerrero, Mexico] for the type locality. CarPENTER (1857 b, pp. 170, 172) also pointed out that several of the species described by VALENCIENNES from Acapulco are foreign to Mexican waters, and the descriptions of the species were written nearly thirty years after the collections were made, a factor which might account for additional errors in WALENCIENNES’ report. Inasmuch as specimens answering VALENCIENNES’ description of Murex erinaceoides have not been sub- sequently reported from this section of the Mexican coast, an attempt should be made to locate and determine the identity of the type specimens of this taxon. Murex californicus Hinps (1844a), on the other hand, was figured by Hinps (1844 b) and was cited from “Califor- nia,” presumably Baja California, Mexico. HErTLEIn (1953) briefly discussed the species of the Ocenebra erinaceoides complex and suggested that a subspecific name, O. erinaceoides californica (Hinps), be applied to specimens from Baja California.
In recent years, the trivaricate species that form the group of Pteropurpura generally have been placed in the muricid genus Pterynotus (sensu lato). This assignment, however, is not tenable owing to the presence of a pur- puroid operculum in the group of Pteropurpura Jous- SEAUME (Emerson, 1964). For the present time, I pro- pose to recognize Pteropurpura as a polynominate genus in the subfamily Ocenebrinae for several groups of closely
related species having three prominent varices (EMERSON, 1960).
ADDENDUM
I should like to take this opportunity to record a postscript to my recent paper on the identity of Murex macropterus Dresuayes (Emerson, 1964). Dr. A. Myra Keen and Mr. James H. McLean of Stanford University have called my attention to the fact that Brrry (1956, p. 150) gave a historical review of this taxon and stated with reference to Pteropurpura carpenteri (Dax), “It appears not impossible that the oldest name for this species is Murex macropteron [sic| DesHayes.” Dr. Berry’s conclusion apparently was based largely on com- parisons of the Californian shells with drawings in REEVE (1845) and Sowerry (1880), neither of which appears to represent the holotype of Murex macropterus. The original figures of Mf. macropterus (DesHayes, 1841, pl. 38) were copied by Ktener (1843, Murex pl. 32, figs, 2, 2°), Reeve (1845, Murex pl. 27, sp. 123) figured a second specimen, from “the collection of Miss Saul,” Kuster & Koper (1878, Murex pl. 34, figs. 10, 11)
illustrated what may represent a_ third specimen.
Sowerby (1880, p. 24, Murex pl. 11, fig. 111) gave a poor copy of Reeve’s figure and stated that there was another specimen in the British Museum (Natural His- tory) which is probably the one figured by EMERSON (1964, pl. 19, fig. 3). Tryon (1880, pl. 40, fig. 517) presented a crude copy of REEve’s figure.
LITERATURE CITED
BERRY, SAMUEL STILLMAN 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 46 (5): 150-157; 9 figs. (May 1956) CARPENTER, PuiLip PEARSALL 1857a [1855-1857]. Catalogue of the collection of Mazat- lan shells in the British Museum collected by Frederick Reigen. London; xvi + 552 pp. [July 1855 - June 1857, each part dated at foot of first pagel].
1857 b. Report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1856: 159 - 368; plts. 6 - 9.
Dati, Wittiam HEALEY
1900. A new Murex from California. 14: 37 - 38
1902. _— Illustrations and descriptions of new, or imperfectly known shells, chiefly American, in the U. S. National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24: 499 - 566; plts. 27 - 40.
1919. Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean in the collection of the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 56: 293 - 371
DrEsHAYES, GERARD PAUL
1841. | Mollusques. plt. 38 and text.
The Nautilus
Mag. Zool. d’Anat. Comp. et Palaeont.:
Emerson, WILuiaM K, 1960. | Remarks on some eastern Pacific muricid gastropods. Amer. Mus. Novitates no. 2009: 15 pp.; 7 figs.
1964. On the identity of Murex macropterus DEsHAYES, 1839 (Mollusca:Gastropoda). The Veliger 6 (3): 151 - 154; plts. 70), Pile (Jan. 1, 1964) HeErt.ein, Leo GrorcE 1953. Ocenebra erinaceoides and allied species. [Abstract] Amer. Malacol. Union Ann. Report for 1953: 28 - 29. Hinps, RicHArRD BRINSLEY 1844 a. Descriptions of new species of Scalaria and Murex, from the collection of Sir Edward Belcher, C. B. Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1843: 124-129 [March, 1844]
1844b. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher ... during 1836-42. London, Mollusca, 2(1): 1-24; plts. 1-7 [July, 1844]
Kiener, L. C.
1843, Spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes, Genre Rocher; 130 pp., 47 plts. Kuster, H. C., «& WitHELM KosELT
1878. Mollusca Gasteropoda Purpuracea. Systematisches Con- chylien-Cabinet. Nuremberg, 3 (2): 1 - 336; pits. 1-77.
Vol. 7; No. 1
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Page 7
Otxproyp, Ipa SHEPARD 1927. The marine shells of the west coast of North America. Stanford Univ. Publ. Univ. Ser., Geol. Sci., 2 (1): 1 - 297; plts. 1-29; 2 (2): 1 - 304; plts. 30 - 72 REEVE, Lovett Aucustus 1845. | Conchologia Iconica. 1 suppl. plt. SoweErsBy, GrorcE BrETTINGHAM (second of name) 1880. Thesaurus conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells. London, 4 (pts. 33, 34), Murex: 1-55; plts. 1 - 24. SToLL, N. R., et al. 1961. ‘International Code of Zoological Nomenclature adopted by the XV International Congress of Zoology. London; xvii + 176 pp.
London, 3, Murex: plts. 1 - 36;
Tate, RaLpH 1888. The gastropods of the older Tertiary of Australia. (Part 1). Trans. and Proc. and Report, Roy. Soc. South Aus- tralia, for 1886 - 1887, 10: 91-176; plts. i- xiii.
Tryon, GrorcE WASHINGTON, JR.
1880. Manual of conchology. Philadelphia, ser. 1, 2, Mu-
ricinae, Purpurinae: 1 - 289; plts. 1 - 70 VALENCIENNES, A.
1832. | Coquilles univalves marines de Amérique Equinoxiale. In Humpotnt, FH. A. von, « A. J. A. BonpLAND, Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent. Paris, pt. 2, Re- cueil d’observations de zoologie et d’anatomie comparée: 2: 262 - 339; plts. 53 - 57.
Western Australian Cowries
(Mollusca: Gastropoda)
CRAWFORD N. CATE 12719 San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, California (Plate 5; 1 Map)
‘A SEARCH OF PERTINENT LITERATURE reveals that little is known about the distribution of the cowrie fauna of Western Australia. Since MENKE’s report “Mollusks of Nova Hollandia” (1843), most of the studies and research on Australian mollusks has been confined to the south- eastern and Queensland regions. H. EF Ancas worked on this area from 1865 to 1878; JouHN Brazier, from 1872 to 1875; and Cuartes HeEptey, from 1894 to 1908. The work of ANnGAs was restricted principally to the study of cowrie distribution in the area of Port Jackson (Syd- ney); Brazier referred to the western species rather generally, and with incomplete data; HEDLEY seems to have produced the first checklist of Western Australian Cypraea, drawing upon the reports of other authors to compile his list of 34 species. All these lists furnish infor- mation about certain species found at different points in the western area but deal largely in generalities where locality is concerned, and in some instances other data are vague or lacking.
During the past three years, with the able assistance of active collectors in the field. I have endeavored to bring the records up to date, compiling a list of verified species and localities, determining when possible the popu- lation centers, and recording other pertinent data not
previously published. The present paper is not intended to be an exhaustive treatment of the Cypraeidae of Western Australia but an attempt to furnish as complete a list as possible of the different known forms. These records will be based entirely upon the field work of men known to me personally and upon specimens in my own collection that carry reliable collecting data.
From the beginning I have had the enthusiastic assist- ance of one of the most active collectors of Cypraea in Western Australia, Mr. A. R. Whitworth; his help has provided the basic framework for nearly all of the present study. I have also had substantial help from Mr. Ted Crake of Broome, who has contributed generously with specimens, maps, and information on ecology. Locality records for specimens not collected by either Whitworth or Crake have been verified though correspondence with the late B. E. Bardwell of Broome or with other reliable collectors. Some of the records were furnished by Dr. Tom Richert and Mr. Clifton S. Weaver of Honolulu, who collected 29 species of Cypraea at Long Island in Exmouth Gulf while participating in the Davina Expe- DITION in 1960. Special thanks are also due to Dr. E A. Schilder, who very kindly furnished his manuscript list of Western Australian cowrie species as well as his statis-
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Vol. 7; No. |
we
tics for a comparative study of Cypraea caputserpentis reticulum GMELIN, 1791 and C. c. kenyonae SCHILDER & ScHILDER, 1938, two races whose ranges apparently over- lap to a certain extent along a part of Australia’s west coast.
Although I originally intended to prepare only a check- list of cowrie species from the Exmouth Gulf area where most of our field work was done, I have more or less been obliged to extend the boundaries of the area studied in order to encompass the natural ranges of the various species; therefore the area covered here is from Cape Leeuwin in the south to Port Darwin in the north, the latter locality having been generally recognized as the northern limit of the Dampierian Region.
The actual presence of several species reported from Western Australia is yet unverified. Since this paper deals only with unquestionably reliable records, several given in the literature have been omitted intentionally, pending collection of additional material. They include such species as C'ypraea contaminata SoweERBy, 1832, C. childreni Gray, 1825, C. gangranosa Dittwyn, 1817, C. maculifera ScuivpEerR, 1932, C. mauritiana regina Gmeutn, 1791, C. felina Gmetin, 1791, C. microdon Gray, 1828, C. interrupta Gray, 1824, C. scurra GMELIN, 1791, C. punctata Linnagus, 1771, C. thersites contraria IREDALE, 1935, and C. (Umbilia) armeniaca VeErco, IG,
For the most part, Western Australia is a lonely, virgin coastline with scores of islands, reefs, bays, and jutting headlands. The tides along these coasts vary greatly; along the south and southwest coasts diurnal tides pre- dominate, the rise averaging two and a half feet or less — the least tides in all Australia. In the vicinity of the and northwest coasts the tides are mainly of the regular or semi-diurnal type, with a maximum range at Collier Bay of 36 feet — the largest tides in all Australia. These unusual tides unquestionably have some effect on the distribution of molluscan species, and may in part explain the large gap in occurrence of certain cowrie species that would normally be expected to have a continuous range from North West Cape northward, but it would be pre- mature at this time to theorize on the reasons for some of the unexplained problems of this particular fauna. Far more study is needed before an accurate picture may be obtained; the present paper is only a first step toward this goal.
Since the long coastline of Western Australia remains largely uninhabited, many of its landmarks and localities are known only by local names not found on any maps. Therefore it became necessary to devise some method of locating many of the collecting stations mentioned; this has been accomplished through an index of the presently accepted place-names, arranged in alphabetical order, each followed by its latitude and longitude bearings.
Some of the more important of these have been indicated on the accompanying map.
Many of the listings of species in this paper extend the known range for those species considerably. Several represent potential new geographical races, one of which, a nomen nudum, has been given a new name. Another, because of its morphological differences and apparent geographical isolation from its nearest typical form, has been described as a new subspecies.
The largest and smallest shells of each species used in this study have been measured with a caliper to within one-tenth millimeter. It can probably be assumed that typical Western Australian examples of those species will vary in size somewhere between the two extremes given. Population densities are indeterminable at this time for some of the species, but perhaps some indication of relative abundance or scarcity may be gleaned from the number of specimens made available to me; this is mentioned under the discussion of each species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My thanks are extended to many people for their help. In addition to those already mentioned, I want to express my thanks to Mrs. Emily Reid for adapting a crude drawing into an excellent map; to Dr. Myra Keen for taxonomic advice; to Dr. Rudolf Stohler for translating source material and to Jean Cate whose extensive assist- ance in many ways made this work finally possible. It can well be said that this report would not have been completed without their combined interest and effort.
Index of Localities of West Australian Cypraea
This list is arranged alphabetically. In the subsequent discussion of the various species, reference is made to these localities by their order numbers only; moreover, the localities are listed there according to the relative abun- dance of the species, i.e., the locality where the species is most common is listed first.
S. Lat. E. Long. 1 Abrolhos Islands 28msil4 113°45’ 2 Albany 34°57’ 117°58’ 3 Anson Bay 13°20’ 130°08’ 4 Barrow Island 20°41’ 115°26’ 5 Beagle Bay NS 12224 5aBlack rocks 24°32’ 113°27’ 6 Botany Bay 335) ey 1532 Broome W597 122°14’ 8 Buccaneer Archipelago 16°15’ 12350 9 Bunbury Som 200 WN) hi" 10 Busselton Bake 115°20’ 11 Cable Beach WONG W210)” 12 Cambridge Gulf 14°55’ 128°15/ 13 Cape Bossut 18°42’ WB 7” 14 Cape Cuvier 24°13'30” 113°24’
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15 Cape Jaubert
16 Cape Leeuwin
17 Cape Leveque
18 Cape Naturaliste 19 Cape Vallaret
20 Carnac Island
21 Carnarvon
22 Carpentaria Gulf 23 Cervantes Island 24 Clifton’s Main Reef
25 Clifton’s Reef, Outer Knob 33°31’05”
25aCollier Bay 26 Cottesloe Island
Daley Heads Dampier Archipelago
29 Dampier Island (Reef)
30 Depuch Island
31 Dirk Hartog Island 32 Disaster Bay
33 Dunsborough
34 Eagle Hawk Island 35 Eighty Mile Beach 36 Encounter Bay
37 Entrance Point
38 Esperance
39 Eucla
40 Exmouth Gulf
41 Fort George
42 Fremantle
43 Gantheaume Point 44 Garden Island
45 Geographe Bay
46 Geraldton
47 Gourdon Bay
48 Houtman Rocks (Abrolhos)
49 King Sound
50 Lagrange Bay
51 Lancelin Island
52 Leighton Beach 53 Long Island
54 Low Point
55 Ludlow Beach
56 Monte Bello Islands 57 Nickol Bay
S. Lat. E. Long 19°02’ 121°30/30” 34°22’ 115°08’ 16°24’ bay Bom 115°00’ 1Sl0/30/I2 210/307 S20 115°40’ 24°58’ 113°40’ 15°00’ 138°00’ 30°32’ 115°03’ Bom MOD ual om 2403 On 115°24’28” 16°10’ 124°15’ 32°00’ 115°46’ locality unknown; see ALLAN, 1956 20mIon iMGe3 5: 25°24’ 113°04’ 20°38’ 117°42’ 25°45’ 113°00’ GRO: 2B? 33°46’ iiltomO 5. 20°39’ G27 Ie)? Bey 121°00’ Bi) Bhs) 138°42’ 18°01’ 1DD™ Ney 33°40’ IDS gy 31°40’ 128°46’ 22°00’ 114°15’ see Port George 32°04 115°45’ W597 NDDE il? Sy 115°41’ 33°34’ Le SiellO; 28°47’ 114°12’ 18°26’ WD Sy Domoilia 113°45/ 16°50’ W225)" 182357 121°42’ 30°59’ IG rey Bil HS? Sy Desi 114°40’ 17°47’ I DD™ 32°00’ 115°45’ 20°25’ WD Bile 20°40’ IG Say
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
Normanville
North West Cape Onslow
Old Onslow
Peak Island
Pelsart Island
Point d’Entrecasteaux Point Maud
Point Murat
66aPoint Samson
67 68
Point Willunga Port Darwin
69 Port Essington 69aPort George IV 70 Port Hedland
71 72 73 74 1) 76 Ue 78 79
80 81 82
83 84 85 86 87
Port Walcott Price’s Point Quobba Point
Recherche Archipelago
Riddell Point
Robert Point (Mandurah)
Roebuck Bay Rottnest Island Rowley Shoals
Sandy Point Shark Bay Sorrento Reef
Spencer Gulf
St. Vincent Gulf Stradbroke Island Sunday Island Swan River
87aThevenard Island
88 89
Torres Strait Troughton Island
89a Turtle Dove Shoal
90 91 92 93 94
Vlaming Head Walcott Inlet Wallaby Islands Ward Reef York Sound
S. Lat. E. Long. locality unknown De ATE 114°10’ 21°40’ 1S O77 21°43’ 114°56’ 21°45’ 114°25/ 28°30’ 113°45’ 34°51’ 116°00’ 23°08’ 113°46’ 2497 114°11’ 20°36’ Itsy sy _ locality unknown e280 130°45’ 10°05’ 132°30’ 15250 124°04’ 20° 20’ 1835) 20834 ila 7/ alloy 17°47’ 1221243, Om 24°30! 11326; 34°00’ 122°30’ 18°00’ Ve BD yy 115°43’ 18°05’ D> By 32 OO". les a0, 17°10’40” 118°50’ to 119°40’ Swale roll 25304 113°30’ 31°30’ 115°30’ (approx. ) 33505; Nie 220 34°55" 138° 10’ ie Bey 153297 16°25’ 123 nelle 32°04’ iy Aey Zi Diy 115°00’ 10°00’ 142°30’ 13°04’ 126°09’ 29°04’ 114°52’ 21°48’ 114°07’ 16°22’ 124°30’ 28°27’ 113°40’ ZL gyy Oy 14°55’ 125°07’
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a ~ Darwin
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Vol. 7; No. 1
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annulus, Monetaria ............- 15 GrANGO, WCE gooocc0c000 G00 24 OPES, TNT eossnagandooonoc 24 asellus, Palmadusta ..........5. 17 bistrinotata, Pustularia .......... 12 bizonata, Palmadusta ........... 18 WOKE, LEGIOWGD, Bo0a000000 000000 16 brevidentata, Blasicrura ......... 20 brunnescens, Mauritia ........... 24 cameroni, Blasicrura .........+0+ 19 caputserpentis, Erosaria ......... 13 COINCOLANCWHTGE «0.026% 25> 27 GING. LOMO sooocononnbenaco0G 21 ECT, IBTIOROD sooococacoos00e 16 CHUCEs, JOGO s00b05000000000 13 childreni, Pustularia ............. 8 Ghinensis) Gribraria \..¢.- 4.64 +. 20 cicercula, Pustularia ............. 11 citrinicolor, Erosaria .........+++ 13 clandestina, Palmadusta ......... 17 contaminata, Palmadusta ........ 8 CDMA, lL8EADRGB .cocbo00000000 15 coutunen. Miauritia 2.0265 .0+0. 24 COMME TLONE Sen cherans eins) s oaseechoreie 16 CHICO, GaaonEHO s60c005000000 21 EN UNATICOMETIONEG, bani ees = 6. 16 GECUBICNS ALONG ea icts wis erelsie sialere 66 22 CBORD, OFOSTHUD sa0a00000060056 14 WORKANS, IBIORED so0065000006006 15 eglantina, Mauritia ............. 24 OSD, AONB. Sameera s00e Gone 22 COG, ISGVOSHUB, 50:0000000000000¢ 14 OONDs lEGTOBAE 905000000000000¢ 16 JOB, SIPVOVOGE .oieoob0000000¢ 12 CyPRAEIDAE Nariinae
Pustularia Swainson, 1840 (Pustularia Swainson, 1840)
1. Pustularia (P) cicercula cicercula (Linnarus, 1758)
Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 725 Localities 90, 59 Weaver (1960): 53
Index of Species and Subspecies
HUGO NCATE sx000an0n0en0KC 21 CU RALMAdUsta neice erie 8 fimbriata, Palmadusta ........... 18 GIL, TAG ano nanbaodoan soon 23 gangranosa, Erosaria ............ 8 GlobulussPustularia’ yee. se: 12 Oraciis wh almadustay a rleiyy.elel-\- « 18 hammondae, Palmadusta ....... 18 helvolawhiosariameeenieeeeen ten 13 hillili, JRA ROIS 5600000000060 18 hinundo, Blasicrura meee cee eee 19 ITI, MICRTBHE Go000000000nb00 25 interrupta, Blasicrura ........... 8 iaella, LWA soopaeoadconcnoKc 24 KEnVONde ETOSATIG ‘ole lcla\ele lei eieiclole 13 labrolineata, Erosaria .........+. 12 limacina, Staphylaea ........... 12 lutea, Palmadusta ............0. 18 sii, (OYWCED, co660000500000006 26 maculifera, Mauritia ........... 8 Re (AGUS e00000000000000 23 mauritiana, Mauritia ........... 8 microdon, Palmadusta .......... 8 RAMOS LEGOTHIO ss400000000000c 14 moneta, Monetaria ...........4. 15 nucleus, Staphylaea ............. 12 OOO IBOLER sse0c000b0800000 16 pallidulamBlasverura r-rel 19 (EONS, (SHRUB 0660060040000 26 perconfusa, Mauritia ........... 24 (DOE, !VOLGIE oo 5000060000006 14 (RODD IHGOWAB 00006006000000008 16 pulicaria, Notocypraea .......... 17 punctata, Palmadusta ........... 8
purissima, Erosaria ......+.++05+ 14 pyriformis, Erronéea ........++0+- 15 quadrimaculata, Blasicrura....... 19 ATID, (WOW, poooane 600000000 26 regina, Mauritia ........+++++++- 8 reticulum, Erosaria ...........-. 13 rhomboides, Monetaria .......... 15 Onna lh, TAWA so00c0ncbe0d0G0000 22 UND, JEU so da0d9u0b0000000 24 SaulaemPalmadustay spies jeri eles 17 QA, MICE So60cd000000000 8 SiMmuUlanS WDIGSIGTIU OM Peierls 19 SUA, JETODAD o>o0005000000000C 15 GORA TGIS, (AHI Gac00050000000 22 sowerbyana, Erronea ........... 16 staphylaea, Staphylaea .......... 12 GahGla, JMAGGLUIB 0o000000000060 20 SUDUINIAIS WE TTONEA ren eile eiee 15 tal paral partamsactt-\triey iter 24 UGS (Glo. oo c0 0000000000000 20 thersiteswZ01l Gee 8 BAB, IMASICHUTD. 2600600000000C 19 tigrisnGy praca ttre seie ce 26 UnSCLLUSSPBIGSICTIUT een tence 19 Wp A, GNVQ b000000n0000006 26 COMING, OUD, Eoco00b000000000C 22 VETCOLN/O1l OR ee oe 23 DERG COUR?, JEGGSTHUB, oc0000000000 13 GUANIG, (GYHETE. Beebaccaccouedd 26 DAN CT, IEMTORAD cogss000000000c 15 westralis, Mauntian ese: 25 whitworthi, Cribraria ........... 20 wilhelmina, Enosa7ia 2... 14 BYCW 6, INDIGO oo00000600000C 18
the Weaver (1960) report represents the first mention of the species in Western Australia. IREDALE (1939) stated “I recorded Pustularia cicercula and P. globulus from Queensland, the latter only from Western Australia.”
ALLAN (1956) cited northern Australia. The western shells seem to compare favorably with the
morphology of the typical species. The dorsal pustulation and general appearance agree, although the shell is gener- ally somewhat larger and more globular; the basal denti-
L W H lip col’
Largest shell: WSO) SS) 20) BG DP
Smallest shell: WO WS NO De} De 2 ee ae = Two shells were examined that were picked up in the 2 am beach drift in the immediate area below the Vlaming oa ms
Head lighthouse. As far as I have been able to determine,
tion extends deeply into the margins; the fossula is
* L = length of sheil, in millimeters W = width of shell, in millimeters height of shell, in millimeters number of teeth on outer lip number of teeth on columella, excluding
terminal ridge
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shallower and less concave though more heavily ribbed with teeth. Possibly the Pustularia bistrinotata SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1937, reported by authors is a mistaken identification of this species.
2. Pustularia (P) globulus globulus (Linnatus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 725
Localities 14, 73 IREDALE (1939), ALLAN (1956) : Western Australia Scuitper (1941): 7, 12, 79
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: Tog Boll ol AS us Smallest shell: 1® BO 7.2 29 ie
Two shells were examined, both collected after a storm, washed up with beach rubble. This species is rare in West Australian waters. The western shells are small for the species and compare favorably with those from the Sey- chelle Islands; the eastern Pustularia globulus attains nearly twice this size. An additional dead specimen was taken on the beach at Quobba Point. At present, nothing further is known about its distribution on the west coast of Australia.
Staphylaea JoUSSEAUME, 1884 (Staphylaea JousSEAUME, 1884) 3. Staphylaea (S.) staphylaea (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 725 Localities 40, 59, 90, 77
Corton (1950): 43 (B. E. Bardwell) Scuitper (1941): 88 (as. S. descripta IREDALE,
1935) Arran (1956): 48 Weaver (1960): 53 L W H lip col Largest shell: NS) WO. B33 Bil Be Smallest shell: IS jl - O 20) le
Five shells were examined. The Dampierian shells seem to be generally smaller though apparently typical of the species. The aperture is narrower than that of Staphylaea staphylaea descripta and the shell more compact in form.
4. Staphylaea (S.) limacina facifer (IREDALE, 1935) Austral. Zool., 8 (2): 119; plt. 8, fig. 6 Localities 40, 48, 90, 59, 7 SCHILDER (1941) : 88
: L WwW Ey lipymcol Largest shell: WS 10.8 2 19) 5 Smallest shell: Ise 2 Of} - 2D 8
Three shells were examined. The species is fairly com- mon; the center of distribution for this subspecies appears
to be from the southern shore of Exmouth Gulf to Viaming Head, an extreme extension of range for the subspecies which is apparently living in this area as an isolated geographical group. The shells are conspicuous because of their smaller size in comparison with the other races.
(Nuclearia JouSSEAUME, 1884)
5. Staphylaea (N.) nucleus nucleus (LinNaEus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 724 Localities 40, 93
Weaver (1960): 53
L W H lip col 10 aS
One shell was examined. So far as it is now known the species is rare. A single dead bleached and beach-worn specimen was collected at Point Murat in Exmouth Gulf. Although subfossil, the shell is sufficiently well preserved to exhibit the species’ typical morphological characters, including the yellow-buff color above the terminal open- ings. The shell appears more bulbously inflated than any of the other subspecies studied; the teeth are fewer, and considerably shorter on the base as well. This is an extreme extension of range for the species, which was apparently first recorded from Western Australia by WEavER (1960), from beach drift at nearby Long Island. Whitworth has also reported a third dead specimen collected at Ward Reef.
Shell measurements: 22.7
Erosaria TRoscHeEL, 1863 (Ravitrona IREDALE, 1930)
6. Erosaria (R.) labrolineata labrolineata (Gasxorn, 1849)
Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1848: 97 (13 March, 1849)
Localities 90, 59, 40
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: IQS) ALG) fe} Nfs} iN Smallest shell: IO SH ey IG iil
Five shells were examined, two from Vlaming Head and three from Exmouth Gulf. Although it would consti- tute a long range extension, I have grouped these shells with those of the nominate subspecies after comparing them with Evosaria labrolineata nashi IREDALE, 1931. The Dampierian shells are narrower; the lateral edge of the right margin is more sharply angled yet less pronounced; the teeth are finer, particularly on the base and do not cross the fossula as they do in the E. J. nashi of eastern Australia; the lateral spots are also more numerous,
Wolsey Nol
7. Erosaria (R.) cernica viridicolor (Cate, 1962) The Veliger 4 (4): 175; plt. 40, figs. 1-9 Localities 73, 90, 59, 40, 62, 42, 5a, 87a, 89a
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: RD 18 WR 20) iy Smallest shell : 16O 100 Bil We 1s
Forty-one shells were examined. The subspecies appears to be common at only one station, as far as we have been able to determine; this is just below the lighthouse at Vlaming Head, which is the type locality. Shells were also collected in Exmouth Gulf, to Point Murat. It has been collected by Barry Wilson in 70 feet of water, under stones, off Peak Island. A dead specimen was found on the beach near Fremantle, also by Mr. Wilson (personal communication) .
8. Erosaria (R.) helvola citrinicolor TREDALE, 1935
Austral. Zool., 8 (2): 116
Localities 40, 90, 59, 18, 46, 31, 49, 7 Hepiry (1915) ex Brazier, 1882: 79 TREDALE (1939): 31, 81 SCHILDER (1941) : 45, 42, 87, 81, 46, 21, 68 STEADMAN & Corton (1946) : Northwest Australia ALLAN (1956): Western Australia Weaver (1960): 53
L W H lip col Largest shell: DO 129 OS Ws Ta Smallest shell: NGS) NO) tS) alt}
Twenty-eight shells were examined. Although this sub- species is widely distributed along the western coast, it cannot be classed as common. Exmouth Gulf proved to be the most productive among the localities cited above. Six shells were collected at Broome, Roebuck Bay over a two-month period; none have been seen since that time. Brazier (1882) erroneously referred to this form from Rowley Shoals as Cypraea citrina Gray, 1824, confusing it with the distinct east African species. According to ALLAN (1956), Corron has examined series of these shells from Cottesloe and Rottnest Island which he con- sidered typical of Erosaria helvola helvola (LINNAEUS, 1758). A specimen from Leighton, however, was con- sidered by him to be typical of IREDA1E’s subspecies.
9. Erosaria (R.) caputserpentis reticulum (GMELIN, 1791) Syst. Nat., Ed. 13, p. 3407 Localities 90, 59, 40, 73, 7, 43, 11, 5, 17 Kenyon (1898), IRepare (1935), and ALLAN (1956) : Western Australia TREDALE (1914): 56 Hepiey (1915); 44 (ex Menke, 1843); Verco, 1914)
46 (ex
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Scuiiper (1941): 7, 12, 79 Corton (1950): 40
L WwW H lip col
Largest shell: ED 5, Oma 1 Smallest shell: BLP PRgo ae — ley, 1 ~ Seventy-two shells were examined. This common species ranges generally from south of Cape Naturaliste to Cape Leveque. It seems to possess interesting morphological differences at opposite ends of its range; certain physical aspects become sufficiently altered to divide the species into two distinct allopatric races. The area of Exmouth Gulf to Shark Bay seems to be the middle ground where examples of both forms may be found mingling and living together as individuals, yet at the same time intergrading variants are also present. The two subspecies involved are Erosaria caputserpentis reticulum (GmEuin) and E. c. kenyonae SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1938. Dr. Schilder has very kindly given me permission to quote from his reply to a letter of mine: “Since 1938 I have examined far more specimens which alter our views in some respects: ken- yonae is a race which exhibits no geographical exact limits separating its populations from those of caputserpentis (reticulum) but it is a so called “cline”: the populations gradually pass from pure caputserpentis in the tropics to pure kenyonae, which seems restricted to southwest Aus- tralia, between Abrolhos Archipelago to Pallinup and C. Entrecasteaux on the south coast. In northwest Australia from Broome to Shark Bay the populations exhibit an increasing number of extreme shells which agree in all characters with the true kenyonae, while true caputser- pentis become gradually less frequent, mostly replaced by intermediates in one or the other respect. One cannot say that the two “races” are living together, as there is one population with a range of variation from caputserpentis to kenyonae, so that it may be called intermediate. These intermediate populations show increasing influence of the warm caputserpentis and the cold kenyonae, according to its habitat further north or south. On the east coast of Aus- tralia from Torres Strait to. Sydney there is a similar passing of C. caputserpentis argentata DAUTZENBERG - Bouce, 1933 into C. caputserpentis caputanguis PHILIPPI, 1849.”
The base of these shells is relatively flat; the terminals are greyish-blue, the base a pastel variation of yellow- orange, beige and white; the teeth are finer, more delicate, and are white; the interstices and more of the base are white as well.
10. Erosaria (R.) caputserpentis kenyonae SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1938 Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 23 (3): 136; diel: @B 1/1, 31 P Localities 40, 90, 59, 73, 7
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Cotton (1950) : 52, 26, 78 ALLAN (1956): Western Australia Weaver (1960): 53 L W H lip col Largest shell: TES PE PP 1) 14 Smallest shell: 223) M49] A220 ome2
Twenty-eight shells were examined. This common sub- species merges with Erosaria caputserpentis reticulum (GmeEuin, 1791) in Roebuck Bay, becoming increasingly isolated southward from Quobba Point to Cape Natural- iste (see preceding subspecies, E. c. reticulum).
This subspecies may easily be identified by its more swollen base; the teeth are white and much larger and heavier; most of the base, the interstices, and the terminals are brown. As a standard for separating these shells from Erosaria caputserpentis reticulum, it may be said that any trace of brown in the interstices would align the shell with E. c. kenyonac.
(Erosaria TROSCHEL, 1863) 11. Erosaria (E.) poraria poraria (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 724 Localities 40, 90, 59 SCHILDER & SCHILDER (1938 - 39): Australia.
Northwest
L W lal Ihis) Goll lime Irae IG IDI “OH Bil 15 Smallest shell: Me eles I}. Five shells were examined. This species is rather uncom- mon and, as far as we have been able to determine, is not plentiful anywhere along the west coast. Kenyon (1879) published the new name Cypraea wilhelmina for a small pallid shell that both IREDALE (1939) and ALLAN (1956) suspect is a dead specimen approaching Erosaria poraria. Bernard C. Cotton (personal communication) says his conclusion agrees with that of IREpALE in which E. wil- helmina is a pale variant of E. poraria. The holotype of the Kenyon species is in the South Australian Museum, No. D 14447. Mrs. Kenyon stated that she had four other specimens very similar to the type. The shells from the North West Cape and Exmouth Gulf seem to be gener- ally smaller than the northern and far western races, although there is an occasional large specimen. The dorsum is a deep, lustrous brownish-yellow flecked with a thick concentration of white spots, some of which appear to be ocellated with a darker brown ring. The margins are thickened, the right one being pitted. The base and margins are a decp, rich, intense lavender color, the teeth and interstices are white.
12. Erosaria (E.) erosa purissima (VREDENBURG, 1919) Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 15: 143 Localities 7, 37 to 11, 40 IREDALE (1914): 56 Heptey (1915): 56 (ex IrEpate, 1914) IREDALE (1935): 40, 71, 29 Weaver (1960): 53
L Ww H lip col Largest shell: 46.9 27.5 20.0 20 15 Smallest shell: 36:8 22:2) lesen Twelve shells were examined. The species is fairly com- mon. Although this species seems to be living in a restric- ted geographical area, it compares very favorably with the eastern Australian shells and is considered conspecific, pending further study. Evosaria erosa phagedaina (MEL- vitt, 1888), of Cocos Island, should also be compared with these, as it also closely resembles the Dampierian form.
13. Erosaria (E.) miliaris diversa (Kenyon, 1902) Journ. Conch. 10: 184 Localities 40, 7, 11 Kenyon (1902): Shark Bay, West Australia
L W H lip col Largest shell: 408 25:2) 20422 ts Smallest shell: 33-5 23:2) 1/7iGtOmalS
Seven shells were examined. The subspecies is most common at Broome and Cable Beach; the specimens listed above were both from the latter beach. IREDALE (1935) gave the name Evosaria metavona to the Queensland race of E. miliaris. Later (1939), he examined a specimen from Shark Bay and compared it with E. metavona but agreed it was more pinched anteriorly and more elevated than that species. He further mentioned that the Kenyon type was a dead shell and its coloration indistinguishable. It is not clear why IrREDALE questioned the species. Aside from the characteristic features of the shell, Mrs. Kenyon evidently was aware of what species she was working with, for she concluded her discussion with “TI think the disco- very of this variety (Shark Bay, West Australia) proves the complete separation of the two species C’. eburnea and C. miliaris.” Further, it is difficult to understand why ScHILDER & SCHILDER (1938 - 39, 1941) used, for an east Australian race whose range is from northeast Australia to Port Moresby, the name Kenyon proposed for these Dampicrian shells.
The Exmouth Gulf shells are of a fairly large size, a yellow-buff dorsal coloring, thickly covered with small white spots of various sizes; both thickened upswept mar- gins are pitted and are white, as are the base, teeth, and
Vol. 7; No. 1
interstices. The teeth are sharply pointed on the lip. A grcy mantle line traverses the upper right dorsum.
Monetaria TroscHet, 1863 (Ornamentaria SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1936) 14. Monetaria (O.) annulus annulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 723 Localities 7, 11 Heprey (1915) (ex Menke, 1843) IREDALE (1935): Western Australia SCHILDER (1941): 7, 12, 79 ALLAN (1956): Dampierian Region L W H lip col Largest shell: ZO) ss) W200) IG) Smallest shell: ALY WG. wOss 13 Til Four shells were examined. It is a common species,
known to range from Quobba Point to Cape Leveque, intertidally.
(Monetaria TroscuHet, 1863) 15. Monetaria (M.) moneta rhomboides SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1933 Zool. Meded. Leiden, 16: 163 Localities 40, 90, 59, 7, 43 Hepiey (1915) (ex Menke, 1843): West Austra- lia IrEDALE (1914): 56 SCHILDER (1941): 40, 71, 29 ALLAN (1956): Dampierian Region Weaver (1960): 53
L WwW H lip col
Largest shell: ae? SO) B28) 3 iil Smallest shell: Isis) Ld QO 5183
Eight shells were examined. This species is fairly com- mon from Quobba Point to Cape Leveque. There is considerable variation in size. The color ranges from a pale yellow-grey-green almost to a deep yellow-orange. A large percentage of specimens shows a fine, bright orange dorsal ring. However, it is not, because of this, to be confused with Monetaria annulus (Linnagus, 1758), as it in no way otherwise approaches the appearance of this latter species.
Erronea TroscHE., 1863 (Adusta JoussraumE, 1884) 16. Erronea (A.) subviridis dorsalis SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1938 Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 23 (3): 149 Localities 40, 90, 59, 48, 7, 11, 50, 13 Heprey (1915) (ex Brazirr, 1879) : 57, 30 IREDALE (1939): Western Australia ScHiLper (1941): 7, 12, 79, 40, 71, 68, 69, 22
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Attan (1956): Western Australia, 7, Northern
Australia L WwW H lip col Largest shell: BHO) | Py wily ale) ils Smallest shell: DD N20) OLS 3)
Forty-two shells were examined. The species is common at all stations. IrEpALE (1935) compares this Western Australian form to Cypraea viridis Rerve, 1835, which was described without locality. SrEADMAN & COTTON (1946) did not recognize Erronea subviridis dorsalis, pre- ferring to list it as E. subviridis subviridis (RrEve, 1835). Atian (1956), having seen many of the western shells, agrees with the Schilderian name. The finely punctate dorsum with its large central chestnut blotch separates this subspecies from the other two races characterized by interrupted grey dorsal zones. The Lagrange Bay shell was collected on the beach 12 miles south of Cape Bossut. The Abrolhos specimen was taken in a craypot, in from five to six fathoms, at North Island. All the shells exam- ined in this study were collected between there and Cable Beach. This species seems equally adaptable to both intertidal and deep water habitats, down to at least 10 fathoms.
17. Erronea (A.) pyriformis smithi (SowErRBy, 1881) Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1881: 638 Localities 17, 32, 49, 59, 5 TREDALE (1935): West Australia ScHILDER (1941): 7, 12, 79, 68, 69, 22 STEADMAN & Cotton (1946): North West Aus-
tralia ALLAN (1956): 50
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: PAM IG.) EIT 7 il Smallest shell: Ne WAKO) © “Ges Nfs" 11)
Seven shells were examined. The species is uncommon. The general appearance of these shells — which are noticeably small for the species — is short, wide, and abruptly pyriform; lacking on many of the shells, espe- cially on those from Disaster Bay, is the characteristic brown interrupted dorsal color banding. The brown color- ing of the teeth is usually paler, also. In so far as this short series of shells shows, it would seem that SowERBY’S Erronea pyriformis smithi is reasonably easily separable from the east Australian race, E. pyriformis pyriformis (Gray, 1824) morphologically and geographically.
18. Erronea (A.) walkeri continens (IREDALE, 1935) Austral. Zool., 8 (2): 127 Localities 7, 37, 43 to 11 SCHILDER (1941): 22, 88 STEADMAN & Corton (1946): 69 ALLAN (1956): 69
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Page 16 L W H lip col Largest shell: 205A O24 eel Smallest shell: PO) AZ WOM Ww ily
Nine shells were examined. This species is scarce although not rare in Western Australia. At Broome these mollusks were found moving across exposed, bare sand flats more than a half mile from the nearest cover. They seem to be essentially sand-dwelling cowries, not found on rocks. They are apt to occur on a muddy, sandy substrate where a sparse weed growth is present, taking cover in and under pieces of dead shell and old iron. (Erronea sub- viridis dorsalis SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1938 is another species found out in the open in the same way.) A pair of E. walkeri continens was observed sharing the same half- valve of a discarded oyster shell.
(Erronea TrRoscHEL, 1863)
19. Erronea (E.) ovum ovum (GMELIN, 1791) Syst. Nat., Ed. 13, p. 3412
Locality 4 Scuitper (1941): 7, 12, 79 L WwW H lip col Largest shell: Ae} MSO. N25 {5} 15) Smallest shell: Wee My GG) > 118} 18)
Four shells were examined. These specimens are from the B. E. Bardwell (Broome) Collection, and are said to have been collected by pearl luggers about 1922. We know of no recent occurrence of this species in Western Australia, and it therefore must be considered a rare species there. The dorsal coloring in these shells appears to be a much lighter greyish-green than is normally ob- served in the eastern races.
WeaAveER (1960) reported collecting “Cypraea ovum” from Long Island at the north end of Exmouth Gulf, but these shells have subsequently been identified as Ovula ovum (Linnagus, 1758) (personal communication).
20. Erronea (E.) errones coxi (Brazier, 1872) Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872: 617 Localities 40, 90, 59, 7, 11, 68, 17 Heptey (1915) (ex Menxe, 1843), IREDALE (1939), SteapMAN & Corton (1946): Western Australia Scuitper (1941): 40 (E. coxi), 71, 28 Atitan (1956): Dampierian Region, 7, Western Australia Weaver (1960): 53 L WwW H lip col Largest shell: BO ty Wis vas Smallest shell: PASO) ANS s) Mes) aly 1G
Eighteen shells were examined. This is a common species in northwestern Australia. It has been the subject of some taxonomic controversy; IREDALE (1939) raised this subspecies to full specific rank, giving it the name Erronea magerrones magerrones and established the Dampierian form as a race, E. magerrones proba. They are doubtfully distinct from E. errones errones (LINNAE- us, 1758). The western form E. e. coxi is a good geo- graphical race. The type locality is Broome.
21. Erronea (E.) cylindrica sowerbyana ScutLpeEr, 1932 Foss. Cat., Cypraeacea: 192 Localities 40, 90, 59, 60, 7, 43, 11, 68, 17 HeEptey (1915): 79 (ex Brazier, 1882) IREDALE (1935), STEADMAN & CoTTon (1946): North West Australia ScHILDER (1941): 7, 12, 79, 40, 71, 28 WEAVER (1960): 53 ALLAN (1956): Western Australia
L W H lip col Largest shell: 32'8) 167 SIGs Smallest shell: 25.0 12:9 OS Sales
Twenty-seven shells were examined. It is a common form at most localities. The measurements above were taken from Roebuck Bay shells; Exmouth Gulf specimens seem to average smaller.
22. Erronea (E.) caurica blaesa IrEDALE, 1939 ’ Austral. Zool., 9 (3): 322
Localities 40, 90, 59, 7, 11, 73, 17 Heprey (1915)(ex Menxe, 1843): West Aus-
tralia TREDALE (1935, 1939): West Australia; (1914): 48
ScHILper (1941): 40, 71, 28 STEADMAN & Cotton (1946) : Northwest Australia A.ian (1956): 7, West Australia
L W H lip col Largest shell: 46.0 259 208 20 19 Smallest shell: 36.6 204 163 16 14
Twenty-six shells were examined. This subspecies seems to be more common in that part of its range from Quobba Point to Exmouth Gulf. A collector in Broome, the type locality, reports, “you find the odd one of these alive, far more are dead on the beaches than anywhere else.” The western shells are generally large for the species, and apparently of only moderately common occurrence throughout its known range, Quobba Point to Cape Le- veque,
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(Guttacypraea IrEDALE, 1935) Notocypraea ScHILDER, 1927 23. Notocypraea (G.) pulicaria (REEveE, 1846) Conch. Icon., vol. 3, Cypraea, fig. 84 Localities 18, 10, 45, Southwest Australia Hepiey (1915) (ex Hiparco, 1907): 45 IREDALE (1935): West Australia ScHILDER (1941): 45, 42, 87 STEADMAN & Cotton (1946): Western Austra-
lia ALLAN (1956): Western Australia, 52 L Ww H lip col Lace cleo) 9 BLOM IOP OONa ey Smallest shell: IG.2° QB U4 2B Zh
Twelve shells were examined. This species is uncommon to rare, and although occasionally collected intertidally, it is more commonly dredged from deeper water. The range seems to extend southward from the area of Swan River in the west to Eucla in South Australia.
Palmadusta IrEDALE, 1930 (Palmadusta IrREDALE, 1930)
24. Palmadusta (P.) asellus asellus (LinNaEus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 722 Localities 40,90, 59, 65, 61, 7 Corton (1950): North West Australia (B. FE. Bardwell, Broome) ALLAN (1956): repeats Corton, 1950
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: IBS “ill “BR We - Smallest shell: 17/0) 10.5 89 IG 3 Three shells were examined, one subadult. Two were collected at Broome, the third off Old Onslow Beach. Specimens from the other localities listed are in the Whit- worth Collection or have, from time to time, been ob- served in subfossil form in beachdrift. The three above mentioned shells were all collected by Mr. Bardwell. One was received directly from him, the other two from the collection of R. Sharon, Redondo Beach, California. There seems little doubt the species is rare and obviously needs further investigation.
25. Palmadusta (PR) clandestina clandestina (Linnaeus, 1767) Syst. Nat., Ed. 12, p. 1177 Localities 90, 59, 40,77, 49, 17 Aian (1956): 7 Weaver (1960): 53 L W H lip col Largest shell: ~ BO 137 iO 2 1G Smallest shell: IB OG ae} 15}
Twenty-one shells were examined. The species is com- mon and ranges from Quobba Point to Cape Leveque. Some authors place this group with the subspecies Palm- adusta clandestina moniliaris (LAMARcK, 1810); how- ever, it seems to be more closely allied with the nominate subspecies from Ceylon. The Exmouth Gulf shells are often large in size, comparing favorably with the east African P clandestina passerina (MeEtviti, 1888) in this respect.
26. Palmadusta (P.) saulae saulae (Gasxot1n, 1843) Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1843: 23 Locality 7
L W H lip col Shell measurements: — AO: WP tly BP 7
One shell examined; very rare.
This specimen was collected alive by Mr. Ted Crake, Broome, and is possibly the first example of this species reported from Western Australia. Because it is apparently a unique specimen with an unusual locality record, it scems to deserve special mention here. It differs some- what in outward appearance from Palmadusta saulae sau- lac (Gaskotn) from the Philippines, and even its most closely related race, P saulae nugata IREDALE, 1935, is markedly different.
The Dampierian shell is large and broad, narrowing quickly abapically. At best it seems to relate more favor- ably with the northern (Gasxoin) race (L 26.8: W 14.9; H 12.3; lip 20; col. 17; Cate Coll. 1048; see Cate, 1960). It is bulbously ovate, umbilicate; teeth are short, well defined on the outer lip, intermittently so on the columella but extending across the fossula. The front and rear terminals are noticeably rostrate; the right margin is thick, the left side is uncallused and curves smoothly from dorsum to base; the primary shell color is pearl-grey, with a very large central brown dorsal blotch that covers at least 20 per cent of the upper surface; the remaining area is thickly sprinkled with minute brown dots, the margins are copiously flecked with larger brown spots, and in addition there is a brown spire blotch. For the most part the base is devoid of spots, is of a lighter basic grey color, as are the teeth. The terminal openings, colu- mella, fossula, and interstices are bright orange-yellow. Yhe animal’s foot and mantle are brilliant orange, marked with fawn-colored spots.
‘Vhe animal was collected in mid-December 1962 and was found high up in a very small tide pool filled with about four feet of water during a neap tide. Mr. Crake relates, “There was one rock I could turn in the pool, and it was quite small. Underneath was a beautiful Cypraea fallax and right along side was the C. saulae, both with mantles up.”
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27. Palmadusta (P) lutea bizonata IrEDALE, 1935 Austral. Zool., 8 (2): 126
Cypraea lutea GMELIN, 1791 Syst. Nat., Ed. 13, p. 3414 (non C. lutea Gronovius, 1781 of authors[non binominal] ) Zoophyl. Gronoviani, 3: 287, pl. 19, fig. 17 Localities 90, 59, 40, 43, 17,7 Hepiey (1915): 57 (ex Brazier, 1872) IREDALE (1935): North West Australia (57) SCHILDER (1941): 81, 21, 46, 40, 71, 28
L W H lip col Largest shell: We NOL eka IS) 7) Smallest shell: ey Sh I
Three shells were examined. The species is uncommon. The report from Broome is that only an occasional shell is ever found, which is true for the other stations as well.
28. Palmadusta (P) ziczac ziczac (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 722
Localities: 90, 59, 66 WeavER (1960): 53
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: LOO SMS S920 Smallest shell: Wee QO) Wik 8 1G
Nine shells were examined. The species is uncommon. All shells were collected dead in the beach drift. Though beach-rolled, the shell color and markings were well pre- served. The Vlaming Head shells appear to be narrower, somewhat longer than the shells of the other races, and to have a narrower, straighter ventral aperture.
(Melicerona IREDALE, 1930)
29. Palmadusta (M.) gracilis hilda (IREDALE, 1939) Austral. Zool., 9 (3): 312 Localities 21, 40, 7 ScHILDER (1941): 81, 46, 21, 68, 69, 22 STEADMAN & Cotton (1946): 81 Corton (1950): 77 (B. E. Bardwell) ALLAN (1956) : 81, 77
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: 104 eS aaa Smallest shell: UO oe Ons ata.
Twenty-three shells were examined. At Broome, only an occasional living specimen is collected; however, many dead shells can be picked up on the beach in the proximity of Lighthouse Point. The species is fairly common and ranges from Shark Bay to Cape Leveque. ScHILDER & SCHILDER (1938-39) taxonomically combined these west-
ern shells with the southeast Australian (Botany Bay) Palmadusta gracilis macula (Ancas, 1867) but did not speculate that they might be racially distinct. IREDALE (1939) separated them but elevated P macula to full spe- cific status, considering this Dampierian form new to science. Believing that P macula did not belong in the sub- genus Melicerona IREDALE, 1930, he established a new subgenus, Cupinota, with P macula as its type. After com- paring series of P macula with similar series of P. gracilis gracilis (Gasxotn, 1849) I consider it unnecessary to make this taxonomic change; therefore I have retained the combination Palmadusta (Melicerona) gracilis hilda (IREDALE, 1939), the type locality of which is Shark Bay.
30. Palmadusta (M.) fimbriata fimbriata (GmeEtIn, 1791) Syst. Nat., Ed. 13, p. 3420
Localities 90, 59, 40, 57, 5 Weaver (1960): 53
L W H lip col Largest shell: 114 (66) So 2S wie Smallest shell: 10:8 6.5 | SilelisaalG
Three shells were examined. The species is uncommon. The shells studied were collected approximately midway between Vlaming Head and Point Murat. Other speci- mens are known to have been collected deeper in the recesses of Exmouth Gulf. Shells from Nickol Bay and Beagle Bay are in the Whitworth Collection (Geraldton).
- 31. Palmadusta (M.) hammondae (TrEDALE, 1939)
Austral. Zool., 9 (3): 312; plt. 28, figs. 19 - 22 Localities 75, 7 STEADMAN & Cotton (1946): Clarence River, N.S. W. IREDALE (1939): Yirrkala, Northern Territory; Woolgoola, N. S. W. ALLAN (1956): Type locality, Clarence River
Heads, N. S. W. L W H lip col Largest shell: 166 96 8.0 16 16 Smallest shell: 14:0) 757 6:2" SiG ies
Five shells were examined, four from Broome, Roebuck Bay and one from Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay, south-eastern Queensland. This is a relatively new species, closely related to the Palmadusta fimbriata complex of allopatric races, having, among other similar characteris- tics, the pale lavender terminals common to this group. As far as we know at the present time the species is uncommon and apparently occupies an unusually wide range. The type locality is given as Clarence River Heads, Northern New South Wales.
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(Blasicrura TREDALE, 1930) 32. Blasicrura (B.) quadrimaculata thielei SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1938 Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 23 (3): 164 Localities 43, 86, 7, 17, 72, 89 ScHILDER (1941) : 7, 12, 79
Corton (1950): 77 (B. E. Bardwell, Broomc) ALLAN (1956): 7
L W H lip col Largest shell: BO 130. M12 Wy Ty Smallest shell: Ie\fs} OS) BS) 113} 1S}
Ten shells were examined, eight from Sunday Island,
King Sound and two from Gantheaume Point, Roebuck Bay. The northern shells are larger and more greenish. The Gantheaume Point shells are both about equal in size, smaller than the others and with paler greyish dorsal color. The species is not common, apparently not ranging much farther south than Broome; it occurs more frequently from Price’s Point to Troughton Island in the north.
33. Blasicrura (B.) pallidula simulans SCHILDER & ScHILDER, 1940 Arch. Molluskenkunde 72: 42 Localities 90, 59, 37, 7, 73, 73 to 7 ScCHILDER (1941): 46, 81, 21 ALLAN (1956) : Western Australia (— fluctuans IREDALE, 1935)
L Ww H lip col Largest shell: AVS We Oeil BD ily Smallest shell: Ise O2 12 iW 7
Eleven shells were examined. Fairly common, though SCHILDER & SCHILDER (1952) recorded these shells as rare. I have compared specimens with the form Blasicrura pallidula rhinoceros (Souversir, 1865) from Gubbins Reef, Cooktown, northern Queensland, and they display a reasonably pronounced morphic variation, having the terminals more produced, longer and more distinct teeth, a more pyriform shape and distinctly interrupted dorsal color bands. The western shells seem also to average larger in size. “Blasicrura interrupta (Gray, 1824)” of authors for this locality probably refers to subadult examples of B. pallidula, as no evidence has yet been found to suggest the presence in this region of B. interrupta. While this species is also found on rocks at low tide, it seems to show some preference for sheltered tide pools higher up inshore.
(Derstolida Irrpatz, 1935) 34. Blasicrura (D.) hirundo cameroni IrREDALE, 1939 Austral. Zool., 9 (3): 314; plt. 28, figs. 29 - 31 Localities 90, 59, 40, 7
TREDALE (1939): 81, Yirrkala, Northern Territory SCHILDER (1941): North West Australia
STEADMAN & Corton (1946): North Australia Weaver (1960): 53
L Ww H lip col Largest shell: 20.4 14.0 108 21 17 Smallest shell: Wh 7 Oath they de
Seventeen shells were examined. The species is common at Vlaming Head and Exmouth Gulf, but a report from Broome (Crake) says the shells are not common there, ‘“Sust the odd shell now and then.” These grey-topped shells may possess a small central blotch. Two white lines cross the blue-grey dorsum transversely, the anterior one looking roughly like the numeral 2 lying on its side, where- as the adapical line is straight. This pattern appears to be constant for the species. There are prominent brown blotches on either side of the front and rear terminals, with finer brown spotting along the margins. Otherwise the terminals, margins, base, teeth, and interstices are white. There is an interesting variation in the columellar denti- tion: on nearly half of the specimens the columellar teeth are very short, becoming obsolete on the front half of the base, while on the others the central teeth are long -- nearly reaching the marginal edge -- and well defined the full length of the base. In each case the teeth are strong on the fossula. In this race of Blasicrura hirundo (LINNAEUS, 1758), the shells are larger and bulbously broader; the dorsal markings also are correspondingly larger and more prominent.
Working with these shells from both Exmouth Gulf and Broome, I have observed what appears to be a distinct dimensional separation in the species. The larger shells (20.4, 14.0, 10.8, 21, 20) and the smaller shells (14.8, 9.0, 7.1, 18, 17) are found living together even though they seem to possess rather uniform shell and color characteris- tics. Even so, the dwarf specimens seem to approach more closely C. hirundo neglecta SowerBy, 1837, while the larger ones are unquestionably the C. hirundo cameroni of TREDALE.
35. Blasicrura (D.) ursellus ursellus (Gme ttn, 1791) Syst. Nat., Ed. 13, p. 3411
Locality 7 L W H lip col Largest shell: 10S: 2 GSS Smallest shell: OSH Aor Li
Seven shells were examined, all of which were collected at Broome (ex Colls. Bardwell - 1; V. M. Baker - 1; C. N. Cate - 5). All were dead beach specimens though in excellent condition. The occurrence of this species at this locality is rare, and it is not known in our experience from elsewhere in northwest Australia. IREDALE (1939) appears to have confused this species with Blasicrura hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758) Blasicrura ursellus is unquestionably a distinct species that can very easily be separated by a
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distinctive lavender-grey dorsal pattern characteristic of and constant in all examples, and by the unusual way the columellar and labral teeth merge in the vicinity of the adapical terminal collar; neither B. hirundo nor B. kieneri have this unusual arrangement of teeth. In Blasi- crura ursellus the shells are usually smaller and more pyriform, never displaying the brown dorsal blotch com- mon to the other species.
36. Blasicrura (D.) stolida stolida (LinnaEus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10: 724
Localities 90, 59 Corton (1950): 7 (leg. R. W. Tymms, list B. E.
Bardwell) ALLAN (1956): 7, 77 L W H lip col Largest shell: 23:45 OMS 23e20 Smallest shell: 20) Wa) WA BB IO)
Two shells were examined. This is an uncommon species, apparently isolated in West Australia from Vlaming Head to Broome. Curiously, it shares a part of its range with Blasicrura stolida brevidentata (SowrerBy, 1870). On available evidence there does not appear to be any hybrid- ization between the two subpecies. Our knowledge of this form in West Australia is limited to the single locality given, with this field note, “Found two C. stolida stolida, one in fair shape, the other has lost some dorsal colouring, but is otherwise intact. Only know of two other specimens found at North West Cape Light, one by each of the light- keepers’ wives.”
37. Blasicrura (D.) stolida brevidentata (SoweERBy, 1870) Thes. Conch., 4 (30): 11; plt. 30, figs. 325 - 326 Localities 66a, 19, 7, 11, 77
Hepiey (1915): 18 (ex Cox, 1900 == irvinae) ScHILper (1941): 7, 12, 11, 77, 79 Weaver (1960): 53
L W H lip col Largest shell: 248 NSO 1S iss Smallest shell: ADE W283 1068 1G 12
Ten shells were examined. This race is fairly common. The two shells whose measurements are listed above were collected at Broome, Roebuck Bay. Cotton (1950) and ALLAN (1956) recognize Blasicrura stolida stolida (Lin- NAEUS) from northwest Australia, but with IREDALE (1939) seem not to know of this subspecies living there as well. One wonders if in fact they were not referring to the Sowerby subspecies, since the Linnaean one has only recently been found in Western Australia. The type locality of B. s. brevidentata is Broome. I have specimens from Thursday Island, Torres Strait, that apparently link the former with Western Australia. The two races are easy to separate through differences in general color patterns, shape of shell, and character of base teeth.
Cribraria JOUSSEAUME, 1884
(Talostolida IrREDALE, 1931) 38. Cribraria (T:) teres teres (GmEtIN, 1791) Syst. Nat., Ed. 13, p. 3405
syn.: Cypraea tabescens Dittwyn, 1817 Localities 90, 59, 40 IREDALE (1935): West Australia (HEDLEY, THIELE) ScCHILDER (1941): North West Australia Weaver (1960): 53
L WwW H Ip col Largest shell: 3315) T1917 Smallest shell: 21.2 12:2 Ose 22s
Nineteen shells were examined. Within an apparently restricted range, the species is common. IREDALE (1935) stated that Hep.ey recorded a shell from West Australia under the name of Cribraria teres, but “fortunately” the shell proved to be a dead Erronea caurica. He added that THIELE recorded the species from the same western area. From Vlaming Head to Point Murat in Exmouth Gulf, dead shells are quite numerous on the beaches. As far as can be determined, it does not reach Roebuck Bay to the north nor Shark Bay to the south.
(Ovatipsa IREDALE, 1931) 39, Cribraria (Ovatipsa) chinensis whitworthi Cate,
subspec. nov.
Localities 90, 59, 40, 53 Cotton (1935): N. W. Australia (as Cypraea var- iolaria) ScuiLper (1941): North West Australia (as O. chinensis sydneyensis) ; 12, 7, 79 Weaver (1960) : 53 (as C. chinensis chinensis)
L WwW H Ip col Largest shell: 40.7 244 20.2 17 15 Smallest shell: 24.2 14.7 12.0 16 13
Seventeen specimens were examined. The species is evidently reasonably common only at Viaming Head. It is a deep water form, requiring a violent surf action to bring the shells in on the beach. We know of no live collected shells; three have been obtained with the dead animal in the shell and the others are dead beach shells in various states of preservation. The species has been collected only from the very restricted area directly below the lighthouse (five miles west and slightly south of the tip of North West Cape) where it washes up on the beach across a narrow shelf of rock that is seldom uncovered by the tide.
This species was recorded by Corton (1950) as Ova- tipsa chinensis variolaria (LAMARCK) in the B. E. Bard- well Collection, from North West Australia. ScHILDER (1941) also recorded it, as Ovatipsa chinensis sydneyensis, from this general area. A definite report can now be made
Tue VE.icER, Vol. 7, No. 1 [Cate] Plate 5
Figure 3a
Figure 6b Figure@b Figure 3b 2 1
Figures 1 a, 1 b: Arabica histrio westralis IREDALE, 1935 ex C. N. Cate Coll., No. 2165; Hypotype 1 (natural size). Figures 2 a, 2 b: Ovatipsa chinensis whitworthi Cate, subspec. nov. ex C. N. Cate Coll., 2180; Holotype (natural size), Figures 3 a, 3 b: Arabica arabica brunnescens Cate, subspec. nov. ex C. N. Cate Coll., No. 2164; Holotype (natural size).
photography: Taxzo Susux:
we
7 is + . r = aa - x P| os ee ot ay fi t i " 7 ) ys a an 3 q x & ‘ t f > : bg & ; rae ee a 1 a , Wy 1 \ ie A e 1 i 5 : ‘ ; z eo 4 A fu! os > ~ , ¥ of = =) Ree VER i i z 5 ~ ay - S./ = g 5 u i ; 4 2 i J i F ) j os ; r 7 iy r BS og all | coger 7 an Paki P i = : . ' re aS 88-2. cee i i i -\ = j 7 f a ad i eae i @. ’ - 2 a a care : es Sl | : : ¥ ek lage aot L ! i - + +; \ : \ = 9 . Gi : 4 t 2 Py A ‘ \ = Pa} 1 ”
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for this subspecies as living at the above-listed stations. Description:
The shell is generally large, solid, pyriformly elongate, narrowing perceptibly abapically, then abruptly to the anterior terminals; it becomes rounded and blunt adap- ically; base bulbously swollen; left side thickened, round- ed; right margin thickened, calloused, sharply angled, keeled ; aperture reasonably straight, wide, curving gradu- ally left to the rear; front terminal barely produced, not at all adapically, semi-umbilicate above; outer lip broad, labial teeth large, heavy, well defined, long, evenly spaced; columella curving, teeth fine, very short; fossula narrow, shallow, only slightly concave, ribbed with teeth, faint to the rear, heavy anteriorly; terminal ridge well defined, curving slightly to the right; dorsal inductura glossy, light brownish-yellow, thickly patterned with variously sized beige-grey lacunae; thick, broad, beige-colored lateral cal- lus sweeping high on either side, generally covering much of the dorsum; the sides and most of the base very thickly spotted with large, bright lavender spots; a weak, some- times indistinct mantle line traversing the upper right dorsal surface; minimal base area and teeth a rich beige, the interstices brilliant orange.
Type locality:
The type locality is Vlaming Head (21°48’ S. Lat., 114°07’ E. Long.), North West Cape; the holotype will be deposited in the type collection at the Western Australian Museum, Perth, and will bear the catalog number W. A. M. 33-64.
In Cribraria chinensis whitworthi the shell is normally large, approaching the form of the east African C. chin- ensis violacea Rous, 1905. The West Australian shell is more heavily constructed. The long, shallow, narrow, hea- vily ribbed fossula is a consistent differentiating character in C. c. whitworthi. Perhaps the most outstanding feature of this new race is its brilliant lavender color and the size and density of the lateral spotting.
This species is named in honor of Mr. A. R. Whitworth of Geraldton, Western Australia, for his various contribu- tions to our knowledge of the Cypraea living in the Dam- pierian Region.
Ovatipsa chinensis sydneyensis SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1938, and O. c. variolaria (Lamarck, 1810) are geo- graphically remote and of different form. Cypraea sydney- ensis 1S a Narrower, more ovate shell, while that of C. vari- olaria is much larger and of lighter, less solid construction.
(Cribraria JoussEaumeE, 1884) 40. Cribraria (C.) cribraria fallax (E. A. Smrru, 1881) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 8: 441 syn.: Cypraea exmouthensis MELVILL, 1888 Localities 90, 59, 40, 7, 43, 77, 31, 50
Heptey (1915): West Australia (ex E. A. Smiru, 1881)
IREDALE (1935): 40, Western Australia (T. H. Haynes —exmouthensis), West Australia (ex E. A. Smiru, 1881)
ScHILDER (1941): North West Australia
STEADMAN & Cotton (1946) : 40, West Australia
ALLAN (1956): 40, Dampierian to Flindersian
Regions Weaver (1960): 53 1G; W H lip col Largest shell: BAAS 22 OMe GHtO N20 Smallest shell: NG. 2) kil lz ie
Twenty-one shells were examined. This subspecies is fairly common within the range from Dirk Hartog Island to Gantheaume Point. IREDALE (1935) and STEADMAN & Cotton (1946) were of the opinion that Cribraria fallax and C’. exmouthensis were separate races living together. It seems unlikely that racial distinction can be maintained with the species intermingling as freely as they seem to do. Cribraria exmouthensis was established on the basis of size, color, and lacunae -- characters that are commonly observed in series of the shells. MELviLi’s (1888) remarks seem to add further uncertainty respecting this subspecies when he states “The dorsal covering matter seems to have been twice deposited, causing a very rich effect, with partial eclipse of the round white spots.” Additionally, he suggests the smaller size of the shell (up to one inch) and more sparsely arranged white spots as differentiating char- acters. It might be added that some of the shells have a white dorsum devoid of any spotting. In my opinion, the earlier name C. fallax is the proper one for these shells.
Three large specimens, gathered by deep water divers, were brought in by pearling luggers from Lagrange Bay. These shells show the deep coloring mentioned by MEL- VILL, as well as the fewer white spots, but again this is not uncommon in any series of shells, particularly with the larger specimens found in any of these western shell colonies. One dead shell was dredged in from 80 to 85 fathoms off the north end of Dirk Hartog Island (WEa- VER, 1960). This is one of several species of Cypraeidae in Western Australia that seems to thrive in either shallow or deep water.
Cypraeinae Bernaya JoussEAUME, 1884 41. Bernaya catei ScuHiLpEr, 1963 The Veliger 5 (4): 127 Locality 92 L W H lip col Ovi AD ARTS S823
Shell measurements:
Page 22
A unique specimen was examined. The holotype (Cate Coll. C 563) was found after a storm by a crayfisherman in the spring of 1961. It was on the beach of the western shore of West Wallaby Island and still contained the fresh dead animal. ScHILpER (1963) disqualified it as Cypraea venusta SOWERBY, 1846 (Cate, 1962), and compared it with Bernaya media (Drsuayes, 1835), B. cavata (Ep- warps, 1865), B. baluchistanensis (NoETLING, 1897), and B. brevis (Douvit1é, 1920), all from the Eocene of France and England, Upper Cretaceous of Pakistan and Libya, and Eocene of Nigeria, respectively.
(see Zoila venusta venusta SowERBY, 1846 below)
Zoila JOUSSEAUME, 1884
42. Zoila venusta venusta (SowERByY, 1846) Proc. Linn. Soc. London, pt. 1: 314
Synonyms:
Cypraea thatchent Cox, 1869 C. roseopunctata MELvILL, 1888 C. Brunea Cox, 1889 C. venusta var. brunea [Cox] Hmatco, 1906 C. venusta var. bakeri Gaturr, 1916 C. episema IREDALE, 1939
Localities 45, 18, 33 Sowerby (1846) : locality unknown Cox (1869): 28 MELvILL (1888) : 29 Cox (1889): 18 Hepiry (1915) (ex Cox, 1869): 28 GaturF (1916) : locality unknown [REDALE (1939): 18 ScHILDER (1941): 28
L WwW H lip col SOL) CR) Ce Wee © (4) 25) 408 By 8
Six shells were examined. This species is a deep water form and is uncommon to rare. The point of origin and center of concentration probably is southern Geographe Bay, and the range may or may not be continuous to Sorrento Reef, offshore just north of Perth; beyond this there is a reasonably abundant deep water variant (in from 15 to 70 feet). (see Zoila venusta sorrentensis ScHIL- DER, 1963 - next taxon)
Two typically formed Zoila venusta, though smaller in size (67.2 mm and 69.0 mm in length, respectively) and more or less identical with the Geographe Bay shells, were collected in 65 feet of water off Binningup Beach, approx- imately 70 miles south of Perth. There is no morphological cvidence of these shells merging into the more northern Z. sorrentensis SCHILDER.
Largest shell: Smallest shell:
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43. Zoila venusta sorrentensis SCHILDER, 1963 The Veliger 5 (4): 126; zbid. (1): plt. 3, figs. 1 - 3, and text fig. 2 Localities 82, 248 L WwW H lip col Largest shell: 60.9 40.1 32.9 26 11 Smallest shell: 53.0 34.6 278 23 10 Eight shells were examined. This new subspecies has been rather intensively collected in from 10 to 40 feet of water at Sorrento Reef, just north of Perth. It would probably be incorrect to say the shell was of common occurrence; however, many specimens are known to have been collected here with the aid of SCUBA diving equip- ment. It has heretofore been considered a variant of Zoila episema IREDALE, 1939 (see Cate, 1962). ScHILDER subsequently designated it as a race of Z. venusta. A dead beach specimen has been reported from the Abrolhos Islands. This locality record will need verification through additional field work.
44, Zoila episema IREDALE, 1939 Austral. Zool., 9 (3): 300; plt. 27, figs. 3-4 see Zoila venusta venusta (SowERBy, 1846) above
45. Zoila decipiens (E. A. Smiru, 1880) Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1880: 482; plt. 48, fig. 8 Localities 7, 47, 80, 50, 70, 43 Hepiey (1915): 71 (ex E. A. Smiru, 1880) IREDALE (1935): West Australia ScHILDER (1941): 7, 12, 79, 40, 71, 28 STEADMAN & Cotton (1946) : Northwest Australia ALLAN (1956) : North-Western Australia L WwW H lip col Largest shell: 60.1 40.5 360 23 18 Smallest shell: 50'9) 34:0) Soa 2 ial Twenty-three shells were examined. This is a common deep water species, collected mostly by pearl divers. Dead shells are very seldom found washed up on the beaches. A Japanese diver has mentioned finding four black speci- mens among 500 Zoila decipiens he collected during one season of diving.
46. Zoila rosselli Corton, 1948 Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral., 72 (1): 30; plt. 1 Localities 42, 78, 46, 9 ALLAN (1956): 42, 26 L W H lip col Shell measurements: 58.3 38.6 27.9 31 26
One shell examined (Cate Coll. no. 1351) This speci- men is one of Mr. Rossell’s six original paratypes. The
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type lot was collected in 1916 from dredged rubble adja- cent to the North Wharf (Leighton Beach), Fremantle. The holotype is on deposit in the South Australian Muse- um, Adelaide (Cat. no. D 14220).
In March 1962, Max Shaw, with the aid of an aqua lung, descended 220 feet to the ocean bottom in the vici- nity of Rottnest Island near Perth to collect what is proba- bly the first live specimen known. It was living on fan coral. This species has also more recently been collected alive in Geraldton Harbor (Max Cramer Coll.). This would indicate a new northern range extension for Zoila rosselli. Barry Wilson (personal communication) reported three live-taken shells collected at 35 fathoms, presumably off Perth; two of these are now in the collection of the Western Australian Museum.
47. Zoila friendii friendii (GrAy, 1831) Zool. Misc., 1: 35 syn.: Cypraea scottu Brovertip, 1831
Localities 55, 45, 24, 10, 87, 42, 20, 44, 78 Hepvey (1915) : 87 (ex Reeve, 1845) TREDALE (1935): 87 SCHILDER (1941): 45, 42, 87 STEADMAN & Corron (1946): 87 (= scottii Bro-
DERIP, 1832 [szc])
WEAVER (1960) : 44, 78
L W Higlipacol Largest shell: 86.6 44.2 33.3 26 7 Smallest shell: Gi)40) Ass) Miles) | WS)
Seventeen shells were examined. This species is fairly uncommon in collections because of its deep water habitat. The shell is long and narrow, broadening gradually to the rear, where it narrows abruptly to the adapical terminal collar. The greyish-brown dorsum is densely covered with variously sized large, blurred brown spots; sides, margins, base and interstices are dark brown; teeth, fossula, colu- mella and inner terminal walls are white. The terminals are prominently produced, posteriorly sharp-edged; the morphological features of the aperture are weakly devel- oped and incomplete, particularly the columellar teeth and simple fossula.
The species is rather widely distributed from Perth south to Albany. Specimens have been collected at Clif- ton’s Main Reef in Geographe Bay at five fathoms on sand and shale bottom, living on soft orange-yellow sponge; at Clifton’s Reef, Outer Knob, in 24 fathoms at edge of reef on a patch of purple limestone; at Ludlow Beach in five fathoms on limestone reef two specimens were taken, one attached to the ceiling, another on the sandy floor under the ledge of a crayfish tunnel; others were collected in Cockburn Bay between Fremantle and Garden Island, in 25 feet of water on yellowish-brown sponge growing on mussel-encrusted pilings to which submarine nets had
heen attached during the last war. The water temperature at this station was between 63° and 64° F Eleven shells were collected within an hour. (ex diary, C. S. Weaver)
48. Zoila friendii vercoi ScHILDER, 1930 Zool. Anzeiger, 1930: 74
Locality 2 IREDALE (1935) : West Australia; South Australia SGHILDER (1941): 38, 2 STEADMAN & Cotton (1946): 38 ALLAN (1956): Western Australia
L W H lip col SS SSseS 90M 2610
Two shells were examined. The specimen measured (Cate Coll. C 1706) is typical of the subspecies. The morphological difference that separates this race from the nominate Zoila friendu friendi is that the shells, on the average, appear larger and flatter, with greater shell width a significant feature of the shell’s morphic change (63% of the length in this instance). Also, the terminals are stubbier, the coloring is less intense and more diffuse. The holotype (D969) and two paratypes are in the South Aus- tralian Museum. Three specimens are reported to be in the H. Rossell Collection (Corron, 1950).
Shell measurements:
49. Zoila marginata (Gasxotn, 1849) Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1848: 91 Localities 63, 48, 92, 76, 51
L Ww H lip col
Hypotype 1: a8) ashi Paha Zi is} Hypotype 2: eis) Biles) A owt 243} 2231 Hypotype 3: SALON Sea 25:2) 2 24:
Three shells were examined (Cate Coll. C 906, C 2516, and T: Bratcher Coll., 2215). Hypotype 1 has been previ- ously recorded (Cate, 1961). Hypotype 2, a live-collected specimen was found in a craypot set by the motor vessel IRIS in 30 fathoms at Houtman Rocks. It is a mature, fully developed shell, while Hypotype 1, though well formed, is subadult. This latter specimen was used to establish a type locality for the species at Albany, south- west Australia (Cate, 1961). It appears now that the locality data for that shell are questionable. Verified sub- sequent collections of the species clearly show the Hout- man Abrolhos Islands as the true locality; I therefore correct the type locality of Zoila marginata to Pelsart Island, Houtman Abrolhos Group.
Until 1961 little seemed to be known about this rare species, but in the last two years a number of specimens have been taken in craypots in various localities such as in 40 fathoms off Snag Island, 100 miles south of Geraldton (leg. Edward Nickels) ; Lancelin Island; 28 fathoms, 7 or 8 miles south of Long Island, southern group, Abrolhos
Page 24 THE VELIGER Vol. 7; No. 1 Islands (T. Bratcher Coll. 2215); and Max Cramer of 10, W H lip col Geraldton has had at least five live-collected shells — Largest shell: 76.5 424 391 44 45
so that what once was an obscure species seems to be well substantiated now.
Luria JoussEAUME, 1884 (Basilitrona IREDALE, 1930) 50. Luria (B.) isabella rumphiu SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1938 Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 23(3 - 4): 177 Localities 90, 59, 40, 73 to 60 Heprey (1915) (ex Menke, 1843), IREDALE (1935), ALLAN (1956): Western Australia SCHILDER (1941): North West Australia Weaver (1960): 53
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: ADs Wad WAR Be 2A Smallest shell: ADO iit 8S Zl le
Five shells were examined. The species is not common. Not much is yet known of this group except that the shells seem to be smaller than the average for the typical species.
Talparia TroscHeEL, 1863 (Arestorides IREDALE, 1930) 51. Talparia (A.) argus argus (LinNAEus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 719 Localities 90, 65, 73, 59, 40 Scui_peR (1941): 7, 12, 79 L Ww H lip col Oi S27 25.3 89 36 59.2 29.3 23.0 37 36+
[immature] 3
Largest shell: Smallest shell:
Three shells were examined. The species is fairly rare. One specimen was washed up on the shore, freshly dead. Two others were collected as semi-worn beach specimens between Vlaming Head and Point Murat, Exmouth Gulf. The broken fragment of a fourth shell was observed at Vlaming Head half buried in the sand but was not collected. If the size of these specimens is any criterion for the west coast of Australia, they are small for the species when compared, for example, with the northeast Austra- lian shells from Thursday Island (L 90.5, W 48.6, H 38.1. lip 47, col 39).
(Talparia TroscHeL, 1863) 52. Talparia (T.) talpa talpa (Linnarus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 720 Localities 90, 59, 40, 65
Cotton (1950): Fort George, Western Australia
(B. E. Bardwell) Weaver (1960): 53
Smallest shell: 59:5); 83.40) 27:5 eeA Sma
Three shells were examined. The species is uncommon. The third shell in this series is a large bulla specimen (L 71.3, W 39.6, H 32.3, lip 44, col44) conveying the impression that the shells in Western Australia are gener- ally large, comparing favorably with the northern races. The living range is not yet fully determined for this species.
Mauritia TroscHE., 1863 (Arabica JoUSSEAUME, 1884)
53. Mauritia (A.) eglantina perconfusa TREDALE, 1935 Austral. Zool., 8 (2): 108 ibid. 9: plt. 18, figs. 1 - 2 Localities 7, 77, 11, 40 IREDALE (1935), STEADMAN & Cotton (1946) : West Australia ScHILpER (1941): 40, 71, 28
L WwW H lip col
Largest shell: 67.0 40:0 33:7° 39) 32 Smallest shell: 574 34.3 27.2 36 31
Ten shells were examined. The species is fairly common. Some authors have included these Western Australian shells with those of the eastern race Mauritia (Arabica) eglantina coutourieri (VayssiERE, 1905). Though there may be merit in this approach, I consider that the Dampi- erian shells exhibit a peculiar endemism that is common to many West Australian species. For this and other minor morphic reasons, I am retaining the IREDALE name for this race of M. eglantina. VAysstrRE’s A. coutouriert seems reasonably restricted to an already very extensive range from Japan through southeastern Malaysia, and into Java and New Britain. Mauritia (A.) perconfusa on an average appears to be a larger form; the teeth are continuous on either side along a straight, narrow aperture; the margins and base are a darker, smoky, rose-beige color; the mantle line is noticeably broader and more distinct than that seen in the northern races. These larger shells, proportion- ately, have a greater number of labial and columellar teeth. I have been unable to find that IREDALE indicated the type locality and will therefore designate Broome, Roebuck Bay (17°59’S. Lat., 122°14’ E. Long.) as such.
54. Mauritia (Arabica) arabica brunnescens Carter, subspec. nov. Synonyms: Arabica westralis IREDALE, 1935, p. 108
Mauritia (Arabica) westralis, ScHILDER & SCHIL- DER, 1941, p. 85
Vol. 7; No. 1
Localities 7, 77, 11, 90, 59, 40, 73 to 72 Hepey (1915) (ex MeNnxKE, 1843), IREDALE (1935), SrEADMAN & Corton (1946): West- ern Australia ScHIper (1941): 7, 12, 79 ALLAN (1956): Western Australia Weaver (1960): 53
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: CON 4 T2932)6)130 23 Smallest shell: 54.8 35.2 28.7 28 24 Seventeen shells were examined. This subspecies has been found to be common in Roebuck Bay. At present, how- ever, little is known of its range north of Price’s Point, but south to Quobba Point the species seems to be fairly well established. IREDALE (1935), in naming the northwest Australian form of Arabica histrio GmMe.in, 1791, used the designation Arabica westralis for his species, appar- ently in error. SCHILDER & ScHILDER (1938 - 39) appear to have misunderstood IREDALE’s intention, thinking he was referring to the true A. arabica, and subsequently used A. westralis incorrectly for these northwest Australian shells. IREDALE (1939) clarified his use of the name A. westralis, which in turn permitted ScuiLpeR (1941; July 1961) to disregard the unavailable A. arabica westralis. It is my considered opinion, however, that geographic isolation, color, and morphological changes in these shells provide valid reasons for further taxonomic consideration. Among other noticeable racial characters, the shells are uniformly larger and heavier, and in this respect seem more closely to approach the east African M. arabica immanis SCHILDER & SCHILDER, 1939. The distinctly brown dorsum is typical, and the base and sides of these Dampierian shells are almost white when compared with the orange to orange-brown seen in the other races. Description:
Shells uniform in appearance, large, solid, cylindrically humped, sloping to the front, blunt to the rear, somewhat bulbously inflated, with the terminals only slightly atten- uate, most so in front; margins thickened, excurvate; flattened, flanged abapically; sides steep, concave; base and lip surface narrow, flattened; aperture straight, nar- row, widening and constricted in front, curving gradually left at rear; labial and columellar teeth short, strong, well defined, and barely reaching the base from within; inter- stices deep; fossula large, long, deeply grooved, ribbed with the extended inner lip teeth; terminal ridge straight, defined on either side of the front aperture with parallel brown ridges; color of shell and margins primarily white to light rose-beige, margins irregularly patterned with large, diffuse black spots; terminal collars smudged with grey-black, dorsum covered with chestnut brown orna- mentation consisting of broken parallel lateral lines, some interrupted with lacunae of basic shell color; fossula
THE VELIGER
Page 25
white; columella white with darker shell color visible through the translucent surface; base and interstices off- white to pinkish-beige; teeth brown. A broad mantle line traverses the length of the upper right dorsum. Type Locality:
The type locality is Broome, Roebuck Bay. The holotype will be deposited in the Western Australian Museum, Perth. Its catalog number will be W. A. M. 32-64.
55. Mauritia (A.) histrio westralis (IREDALE, 1935) Austral. Zool., 8 (2): 108 syn.: Arabica westralis IREDALE. Austral. Zool., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 108 Localities 7, 77, 66, 40, 5, 68 Hepvey (1915): 79 (ex Brazier, 1882) as reticu- lata Martyn, 1782 IREDALE (1935), STEADMAN & Cotton (1946), ALLAN (1956) : “Western Australia” ScHILpER (1941): 7, 12, 79 Weaver (1960): 53 Dimensions of Northwest Australian shells L WwW H lip col HIG RRA TIGRE 5Y7 3026 64.4 43.8 35.0 33 25 WO 488) 8373 0) ey
Lemurian shells (ScHILDER Prodrome measurements) : L WwW H lip col SOM33'8 78) AD)
Lemurian shells (Cate Coll. Nos. 1660, 2151)
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: COS) BOS G0) se 28 Smallest shell: Coy) AO. 22 go) 2B
Average (4 shells) : O82 Ye) 20. 82 2B) Cerf Island, Seychelle Islands (Cate Coll. No. 1806)
Largest shell: Smallest shell: Average (10 shells) :
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: AMO 2209 O32 26 Smallest shell: AO 22-8a 13:6) 32 924: Average (4 shells) : A 6Y/ MS ONES 25
Ten shells were examined. The species is common in Roebuck Bay. Although Arabica histrio is clearly distinct, one is impressed by the resemblance of this species to certain others as to morphology, color, and ornamentation, so much so that one wonders if they are not all allopatric races of a common stock. Arabica histrio, A. depressa Gray, 1824, A. grayana Scuitper, 1930, and A. maculi- fera Scuitper, 1932 adapt themelves well to a concept of racial division of a species. One significant trait is the presence of a broad, brown color banding, noticeable in the above species as a constant background to the surface markings that, among other things, seems to link the
Page 26
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; No. 1
species together. It is not clear why IREDALE (1935) dis- regarded and failed to recognize A. histrio in describing his A. westralis. The omission becomes more conspicuous with his use of A. arabica (LinnaEus, 1758) and A. eglantina (Ductos, 1833) for comparison with his new taxon.
The Cypraea histrio of GMELIN ranges in a northern arc from East Africa to India, Andaman Islands, Cocos Kee- ling Island, Southwest Java, and southward into North- western Australia. Authors have suggested that there is no difference between the Lemurian Arabica histrio and com- parable shells from Malaya. This could be so, but in the Seychelle Islands, and in the Dampierian region, there exists a significant difference in the species. The Cerf Island specimens -- a series of four with all the identifying characters of A. histrio -- reveal an interesting story in shell statistics. They are surprisingly small, short, narrow, and the teeth are correspondingly finer. All of the shells are fully adult and well developed. In the East African A. histrio, s. s., there is an equal degree of variation in size, shell shape, and color. One can even detect a color, marking, and morphological gradation into the species A. grayana SCHILDER, 1930.
The southeastern end of the cline seems to be reached in the West Australian region. However, of all the specimens I have had for comparison the smallest is larger than those from anywhere else. A bulla specimen measures 66 millimeters. Although the ornamental markings on the shell are much the same, the overall change in the species is reminiscent of the change found in Cypraea tigris schil- deriana Cate, 1961. The shells are much heavier in struc- ture, the marginal callus is rounded, more ponderous, thicker, more heavily flanged, and -- possibly inconsequen- tially -- the characteristic spire blotch appears larger, normally six millimeters in diameter.
It therefore would seem these Northwest Australian shells deserve the recognition IrEDALE had in mind for them (see IREDALE, 1939, pl. 28, figs. 3 and 4).
Cypraea LINNAEUS, 1758 (Cypraea Linnaeus, 1758) 56. Cypraea (C.) tigris pardalis Suaw, 1785 Vivar. natur. Misc., 6, plt. 193 Localities 7, 77, 73, 90, 40, 17 Hepey (1915) (ex Menke, 1843), IREDALE (1935): West Australia SCHILDER (1941): 7, 12, 79 WEAVER (1960): 53 L W H lip col Che) (OR) Ze Teo Pil 84.7 60.0 46.6 25 24
Four shells were examined. The species is relatively uncommon. More Cypraea tigris pardalis are evidently
Largest shell: Smallest shell:
found during July and August than at any other time of the year; this seems to hold true at Exmouth Gulf and at North West Cape. Representative specimens from Quobba Point and Cape Leveque are in the Whitworth Collection, Geraldton. An interesting note is that C. tigris pardalis and Arabica histrio (GMELIN, 1791) are often found together.
(Lyncina TroscHEL, 1863)
57. Cypraea (L.) lynx vanelli Linnarus, 1758 Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 720 Localities 40, 7, 77, 11, 73, 17
Heptey (1915) (ex Menxe, 1843) : Western
Australia
IREDALE (1935): West Australia
ScHILDER (1941): 7, 12, 79
ALLAN (1956): North-West Australia
Weaver (1960): 53
L Ww H lip col Largest shell: 52.3 30.6 26.3 29 20 Smallest shell: 29.2, 171) SO 24 eels
Nine shells were examined. The species is common, with the center of distribution apparently at Roebuck Bay. The largest specimens are from Broome, and the smaller shells come from Exmouth Gulf.
58. Cypraea (L.) vitellus vitellus LinnaEus, 1758 Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 721 Localities 81, 17, 40, 7, 77, 11 Heptey (1915) (ex MEenKE, 1843), IREDALE (1935): West Australia ScHILDER (1941): 7, 12, 79 Cotton (1950): 52 (56.0 mm) ALLAN (1956): Dampierian Region Weaver (1960): 53
L W H lip col Largest shell: (OMRON SY Si Ly Smallest shell: 28:9) 20:25 16'Sie22aalio
Four specimens from Cable Beach, three from Exmouth Gulf and four from Broome were examined. These shells are not plentiful at Broome, but a few are found from time to time, as is the case also at Cable Beach. From the number of dead shells washed in to the beaches, the species seems to be more plentiful in the North West Cape -- Exmouth Gulf area.
59. Cypraea (L.) reevet Sowersy, 1832 Conch. Illust., fig. 52 (London) Localities 78, 10, 87, 83, 89a Hepzey (1915): 44 (ex Reeve, 1845) IREDALE (1935): West Australia STEADMAN & Corton (1946): Western Australia Scuitper (1941): 45, 42, 87, 72 ALLAN (1956): Southwestern Australia
Vol. 7; No. 1
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: AOAC 2S 123 Smallest shell: Aon ils) 1B}98) fa) 21
Eleven shells were examined. This uncommon species lives well beyond the low tide mark in deep water and seems nearly always to exhibit varying degrees of damage and wear. The anterior terminal edges are often broken, the dorsum is seldom found without the effects of wave and sand action, because the shells are usually picked up on the beach after storms. A live collected shell is a rarity. Though predominantly a southern species, it does range into Western Australia. Three live specimens were collec- ted in craypots from 15 fathoms off Turtle Dove Shoal, 37 miles west south west of Dongara. Dead shells have been picked up at Geraldton and adjacent beaches. These northern shells seem to be smaller and more globular than those from Swan River and southward.
60. Cypraea (L.) carneola carneola Linnaeus, 1758 Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 719 Localities 66, 40, 7, 77, 89a Hepiry (1915): 46 (ex Verco, 1912) ScHILDER (1941): 7, 12, 79, 68, 69, 22 WeEaveER (1960): 53
L WwW H lip col Largest shell: Bile ate S328) 7283 Smallest shell: Doth NERO GI ya All
Thirteen shells were examined. Despite the relatively large number of specimens collected for this study, the species is fairly uncommon in the Exmouth Gulf area, and even more scarce in Roebuck Bay. Cumulatively, the shells average comparatively smaller than those collected on the eastern Australian coast. This species seems to be more abundant at certain seasons than at others.
Explanation of Table 1
The occurrence of the cypraeid species in Western Aus- tralia as reported by various authors is listed in Table 1. The columns, arranged arbitrarily, are designated as follows:
Column 1 (C) Carte, 1964 (this report) Column 2 (S) Scuitper, 1963
(personal communication) Column 3 (I) IrEpAte, 1935, 1939 Column 4 (W) Weaver, 1960 Column 5 (A) Attan, 1956 Column 6 (Co) Corton ez al., 1946, 1950
The systematic arrangement used in Table 1 and in the text follows that of ScHILDER & SCHILDER, 1939.
THE VELIGER
Pustularia SwAINsON bistrinotata bistrinotata cicercula cicercula globulus globulus
Staphylaea JoUSSEAUME limacina facifer nucleus nucleus staphylaea staphylaea
Erosaria TROSCHEL caputserpentis kenyonae caputserpentis reticulum cernica viridicolor erosa purissima helvola citrinicolor labrolineata labrolineata poraria poraria miliaris diversa wilhelmina
Monetaria TRoscHEL annulus annulus moneta rhomboides
Erronea TROSCHEL caurica blaesa cylindrica sowerbyana errones proba ovum ovum pyriformis smithi subviridis dorsalis walkeri continens angustata
Notocypraea SCHILDER declivis pulicaria
Palmadusta IREDALE asellus asellus clandestina clandestina fimbriata fimbriata gracilis hilda hammondae lutea bizonata punctata punctata saulae saulae Z1CZAC ZiczZac
Blasicrura TREDALE hirundo cameroni pallidula simulans quadrimaculata thielei stolida stolida stolida brevidentata
++ +++++++4 +44 ++
++++4++4+ ++++++
+
++ +4+44++4 + +++4++4++4
+++++4+ +4++++4+
+
$+4++44++
++
+++
++ +44
++4++ 44+ °° +
+++
W A Co ate a ae +|+ ]+ SF AP aL ar ar |) ar ae ap | ap An ap || ar +] + +/+]+ sP | SF +] + ai +) +4 ae +} + ae || Sp ae + | + ap || ae ae =e SF || ae a +/+
Page 28
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; No. 1
Q
Ss i WY AN Co
Cribraria JOUSSEAUME chinensis chinensis -- chinensis whitworthi ++ cribraria fallax ar teres teres +
-|-
Bernaya JOUSSEAUME catet + | -b Zoila JOUSSEAUME
decipiens
a friendu friendu + a ai
+++ ++
friendu vercoi marginata thersites thersites +
venusta venusta | ++ venusta sorrentensis —++ rosselli + episema a
Luria JoUSSEAUME
isabella rumphii aL jk} SL) |
Talparia TRoscHEL
++ ++
argus argus talpa talpa
Mauritia TroscHEL arabica arabica + );+),+)+ arabica brunnescens eglantina couturieri histrio mauritiana regina
+++
+++ a ++ ++
+++
Cypraea LINNAEUS carneola carneola lynx vanelli Teevel tigris pardalis vitellus vitellus
+ [+ +
+++++ ++ +4
+ |+ LITERATURE CITED
ALLAN, Joyce
1956. Cowry shells of world seas. Melbourne. i-x; pp. 1-170: plts. 1-15.
BRAZIER, JOHN
Georgian House,
1882. Distribution and geographic range of cowries in Austral- asia. (an unpublished reprint from the Sydney Mail, Dec. 2, 1871.)
1883. The habitat of Cypraea citrina. S. Wales, 7: 322 - 323. :
Cate, Crawrorp NEILL
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.
1960. A new subspecies of Cypraca saulae Gasxorn, 1843. The Veliger 3 (2): 34-37; plt. 5; 1 map; 1 table.
(1 Oct. 1960)
CatE, CRAwForD NEILL
1961a. Rediscovery of Cypraea marginata Gasxo1n, 1848. The Veliger, 3 (3): 76 - 78; plt. 14; figs. 1-4. (1 Jan. 1961)
1961 b. Description of a new Hawaiian subspecies of Cypraca tigris (LinnaEus, 1758). The Veliger, 3 (4): 107 - 109; plt. 19; figs. 1 - 4. (1 April 1961)
1962. | Comparison of two rare cowrie species (Gastropoda) The Veliger 5 (1): 6- 14; plts. 1-4; 2 text figs. (1 July 1962) Cotton, BERNARD CHARLES 1950. Mollusca from Western Australia. Mus., 9 (3): 333 - 338.
GatLirF, JoHN HENRY
Rec. So. Austral.
1916. Description of two Australian cowries. Victorian Nat.
32: 147. HEDLEY, CHARLES 1915. Preliminary Index of the Mollusca of Western Australia. Journ. Roy. Soc. Western Austral. Mus., 9 (3) : 333 - 338. TREDALE, Tom 1914. | Report on Mollusca collected at the Monte Bello Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1914: 665 - 675.
1935. Australian cowries, part 1. Autral. Zool. 8(2): 96
to 135; plts. 8 - 9.
1939. Australian cowries, part 2. 297 - 323; plts. 27 - 29.
Kenyon, Acnes F
Austral. Zool., 9 (3):
1897. Description of two new Cypraea. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, 22: 145.
1902. | Undescribed variety of Cypraea. 183 - 184.
MENKE, KarL_ THEODOR
Journ. Conch., 10:
1843. | Molluscorum Novae Hollandiae specimen. 46 pp. ReEEvE, Lovett Aucustus
1835. “Mr. Reeve exhibited . . previously undescribed Beuroeteds) Minutes of meeting of May 28, 1835. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835: 68. (2 Sept. 1835)
SCHILDER, FRANZ ALFRED
Hannover,
1941. | Verwandtschaft und Verbreitung der Cypraeacea. Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2-3): 57-120; 2 plts.
1961. The size of Mauritia arabica. The Veliger 4 (1): 15-17. (1 July 1961) 1963. Further remarks on two rare cowrie species. The Veliger, 5(4): 125-128; 3 tables. SCHILDER, FRANZ ALFRED, & MARIA SCHILDER 1938-1939, | Prodrome of a monograph on living Cypraeidae. Proc. Malacol. Soc. London, 23(3-4): 119 - 231. 1952. Ph. Dautzenberg’s collection of Cypraeidae. Mém. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique (2) 45: 1 - 243; 4 plts. SOWERBY, GEORGE BRETTINGHAM (2nd of name) 1870. Thesaurus conchyliorum; 26-28: Cypraea. (London) 58 pp.; 37 pits. STEADMAN, W. R., « BerNARD C. Corron
1946. A key to the classification of the cowries (Cypraeidae). Records South Austr. Mus. 8: 503 - 530; 6 plts.
Vol. 7; No. 1
THE VELIGER
Page 29
Verco, J. C.
1912. Shells of the Great Australian Bight. South Austral., 36: 206 - 232; plts. 10 - 14, 16.
Trans. Roy. Soc.
Weaver, Cuirton S. 1960. | Hawaiian scientific expedition finds rare western Austra- lian volutes. Hawaiian Shell News 8 (12): 1 and 3. [new series 10] October 1960.
The Mollusca of the Santa Barbara County Area Part I - Pelecypoda and Scaphopoda
EUGENE COAN
University of California, Santa Barbara
Dati (1921) LisTED RANGES of many species of mollusks as terminating, either in their northern or southern extremes, in Santa Barbara County, California. Many of these records were based on the work of Lorenzo G. Yates, whose faunal list of the county (1890b) and other papers (1877 and 1890 a) included many original collecting data. Since the time of Yates and Da tt there has not been a comprehensive list of the species in this area, although Berry (1956), Hewatr (1946), BARNARD & Hartman (1959), and Grau (1959) have published a few records. There is need of a list of species currently collected from this region in order to substantiate the previously published records.
During the past two years, in connection with a course at the University of California at Santa Barbara, I have attempted to make as complete a survey of the mollusks of the Santa Barbara County area as I could, revising the existing collection of the University in the process, and adding such material to that collection as might prove useful. The following list is the result of that work. Because of the time involved in the preparation of this table and the difficulty of identifying the Gastropoda, Amphineura, and Cephalopoda at this time, it was decided to restrict this paper to the Pelecypoda and Scaphopoda and to complete the work on the other three groups at a later date.
Santa Barbara County is a rectangle of land with a coast line of about 100 miles, not including its three channel islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz. Anacapa, the southern member of this chain of islands, is in Ventura County. Most authors agree that, with regard to shore and shallow water fauna, Point Conception, in Santa Barbara County, ig a significant dividing point between the faunas of Northern California, Oregon,
and Washington, and that of Southern California. For additional information and discussion of this transition two types of account may be found in ScHENCK & KEEN (1936) and Newe t (1948). The transition is not abrupt at any one point, but the bulk of the change takes place between Point Arguello and Point Conception. This tran- sition is ascribed to currents and a temperature gradient. About half of the 100-mile coast line lies north of Point Conception. I collected beach specimens on the north side of Point Conception, finding on one trip over 75 species of mollusks. Many of these specimens confirmed what had been questionable northern or southern range limits.
Most of the Santa Barbara coastline is sand beach, with one headland after another jutting into the long expanse of sand. There is one feature of special interest with regard to the sand itself -- the fact that it undergoes a yearly cycle of movement along the coast. About half of the year most of the rocks on the University Campus beach, for instance, are covered by sand. As a result, there is never much life on these rocks. They are too often covered and abraded by the sand to bear even the limpets and chitons typical of somewhat less sandy rocks. When they do become uncovered, green algae are about all that gets a foothold before the rocks are once more buried, though, no doubt, the juvenile stages of other plants and of animals begin to settle during the uncovered period. The extent to which the sand moves varies along the southern Santa Barbara coastline.
Another aspect of Santa Barbara beaches is of interest: tar. There are several tar seeps along the coast, the presence of tar and oil being further testified to by the many offshore oil rigs. The tar seeps are especially pro- ductive in the U. C. S. B. -- Coal Oil Point area, the latter being so named for obvious reasons. The tar continually
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oozes out of the offshore cracks and rises to the surface in masses. It floats around, and much of it comes to shore where it is deposited along the high tide line. Many of the intertidal rocks in certain areas, such as at Goleta Point, are almost covered with a layer of sticky tar. How- ever, it is surprising, that, even in the most heavily tarred areas, there are always a few hardy mollusks that do not seem to be affected by the tar and the odor of kerosene -- a few limpets, chitons and mussels.
Some time ago I held the probably common belief that picking up beach specimens was a “wrong” way to collect mollusks. I have since modified this position, for I have added many species to the Santa Barbara list from mate- rials washed up on the Campus beach, species which may live well off-shore. In this connection, there is one problem in collecting beached material in Santa Barbara County, one true of many southern California areas -- that of the mixing of freshly-dead and fossil material on the beaches. For instance, material from the Late Plio- cene or Early Pleistocene Santa Barbara formation occa- sionally washes out to the beaches, and there are even places where this formation extends almost to the water line. There is, in addition, a Recent marine terrace, along the cliffs in the immediate U.C.S.B. area. It contains a fauna much like that of Puget Sound. If I had not finally made a representative collection of the formation, I might still be puzzling over some beach specimen of Thais lamellosa, Acmaea instabilis, or Calyptraea fastigi- ata. The material is in a remarkable state of preservation, periostracum and bits of ligament remaining on many of the clams.
To complicate the situation further, there is Goleta Slough, the remains of what once was a large lagoon. The existence of this lagoon in fairly recent times is evidenced by sub-fossil mollusks along its banks and in Indian kitchen middens in the surrounding area. DALL (1921) and other authors of his period and before, list the Goleta area as the northernmost outpost of many of the southern California lagoon species. Species typical of these two deposits include Aequipecten, two species of Chione, one of Tagelus, and one of Sanguinolaria. None of these forms have been recently found living in the slough, which, as far as I can see, contains only Cerzthi- dea, Assiminea, and Melampus. Material from these two sub-fossil beds, natural and Indian created, may be found washed up on the nearby beaches.
There seem to be two types of headlands jutting out into the sand beaches: rubble points like Rincon Point, and large rock points, like Goleta Point (some points are combinations of these two types). The rubble points have their own typical fauna. Special demands are placed on the inhabitants by the abrading sand. Such an area
typically has Acmaea fenestrata, Mopalia porifera, M. acuta and M. muscosa. The large rock points support a fauna similar to that in like areas throughout the coast -- Mytilus spp., Septifer, Thais, Lasaea, Nuttallina, and the several species of Acmaea.
As well as these two headland types, there are a few rock reefs (such as Carpenteria reef) that are inter- tidal. There are numerous offshore reefs, some exposed above the bottom sediments as far down as forty feet. These reefs are composed of the same rocks that compose both the cliffs along the coast and the large rock points, the Miocene Monterey shale.
By far the commonest species washed up on Santa Barbara beaches is the boring myad, Platyodon cancel- latus. The intertidal and subtidal reefs are ideal for its existence, and the enormous number of valves washed up all along the coast testifies to its presence by the millions. Also, the reefs, including the famous one at Carpenteria, abound in rock borers and the associated nestlers. I have found all the common pholads at Carpenteria, as well as washed up on the Campus beach, including Chaceza, Parapholas, the three species of Penitella, Netastoma, and Zirfaea. The nestlers Thracia curta, Diplodonta orbella, Petricola carditoides, P. californiensis, Cumingia, and Hiatella are found in old pholad holes.
In general, diving is not as successful as it is in other places in California, mainly because fine offshore sedi- ments and temporary plankton blooms make for poor visibility. The subtidal reefs are scattered and are often sand-covered. The immediate area of the kelp beds is best; most fruitful is a trip to the channel islands, where rocks are exposed as deep as SCUBA equipment allows most divers to go, i. e., 150 feet.
Forms typical of the kelp holdfast area of the rock-sand bottom include Jaton, Maxwellia gemma, Mitra idae and Astraea undosa. Zonaria, Megathura, and Haliotis spp. are to be found on the nearby underwater reefs.
On the sand bottom near the holdfasts may be found Kelletia, two species of Nassarius, two species of Olivella, and one of Acteon. Many unusual forms turn up in beached kelp holdfasts or in siftings from 30 to 40 feet, such as Lamellaria orbiculata, Volvulella cylindrica, Ac- maea rosacea and Calliostoma splendens.
Most of the elements of the typical southern California fauna reach the southern Santa Barbara County area, many of them being scarce, however. In general, Santa Barbara intertidal populations are small, but the variety is surprising. The same seems to be true of the shallow water fauna. I would guess that if one were to collect both in the northern and in the southern portions of this county, carefully and consistently, as well as on the three channel islands, Santa Barbara would prove to have the largest fauna of any of the California counties.
Vol. 7; No. 1 THE VELIGER Page 31 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PELECYPODA
I wish to thank the persons who have collected the NucuLmaE
materials on which this report is based. The original U. Acila castrensis (Hinps, 1843) = {Isl 1D” (8)
C. S. B. collection was made about 1951 by Charles Nucula cf. N. cardara DALL, 1916 - several stations (BH)
Stasek. I also acknowledge help from Faye B. Howard, Nucula tenuis (Montacu, 1808) = 1115 (B)
who provided species lists from Hope Ranch, Point Con- Neacoins
ception, Rincon Point, Carpenteria, and Santa Rosa Island. Recent records have been given to me by various students at the University of California, Santa Barbara, including Larry Field, Jim Morin, and Rick Beringer. I am obliged to Jim McLean for his list of species from the Point Conception area. Gratitude is also expressed to Dr. Myra Keen, Gale Sphon, and Dr. Rudolf Stohler, who read portions of this manuscript with the necessary critical eyes. Dr. Leo G. Hertlein identified a difficult specimen. Appreciation also goes to Dr. Demorest Daven- port, Dr. James Rohlf, and Dr. Joseph Connell, who have aided with advice and criticism. The map is the work of Charles Hayward.
EXPLANATION or tHe TABLE
The species are listed in taxonomic order, following KEEN (1963). The following abbreviations are used for localities in the Santa Barbara County area (see map) : 1 - Point Conception, including about five miles north (Jalama) and south 2 - Gaviota south to Tajiguas 3 - Coal Oil Point 4 - University of California, Santa Barbara, and Goleta area 5 - Hope Ranch 6 - Santa Barbara City and Harbor 7 - Carpenteria 8 - Rincon Point (partly in Ventura County) 9 - San Miguel Island 10 - Santa Rosa Island 11 - Santa Cruz Island 12 - Anacapa Passage, including area just off the west end of Anacapa Island 13 - Anacapa Island (Ventura County)
The following abbreviations are used for the names of persons reporting species in published lists or in substantial lists provided to me for this table.
BH - Barnarp & Hartman (1959) B - Berry (1956)
EC - Eugene Coan
FH - Faye Howard
G - Grau (1959)
H - Hewarr (1946)
M - James McLean
Nuculana acuta (Conran, 1832) - 11 (H) [reported in quotation marks]
Nuculana hamata (CARPENTER, 1864) - 12 (B)
Nuculana taphria (Datu, 1896) - 4,6 (EC);5 (FH);
11 (B)
Yoldia cooperi Gass, 1865 - 4 (EC) GLYCYMERIDIDAE
Glycymeris subobsoleta (CARPENTER, 1864) - 9 (EC); 10 (B) [as G. corteziana}
PHILOBRYIDAE
Philobrya setosa (CARPENTER, 1864) - 11 (H) PINNIDAE
Atrina oldroydii Dat, 1901 - “off Santa Barbara” (EC) MytTILDAE
Adula californiensis (PHtttppi, 1847)
= 153,40 (E:G))-07, (BE) Adule falcata (Gouxp, 1851) - 1, 3,4 (EC);5 (FH) Amygdalum pallidulum (Datu, 1916) - 12 (B) Hormomya adamsiana (DuNKER, 1857) - 11 (H); 13 (EC) Lithophaga plumula (Hanuey, 1844)
2B & 7, 13 (xh) sil Gude iil (st) Modiolus capax Conran, 1837 - 1, 4, 7, 13 (EC) M. modiolus (LinnaEus, 1758) - 11 (H) M. rectus Conran, 1837 - 4,6 (EC)
Mytilus californianus Conran, 1837 ell, 2 Gh oe 3 (IKE) eS (sh) s 1 M. edulis Linnakus, 1758 - 1, 3, 4,6, 7 (EC);5 Septifer bifurcatus (Conrap, 1837) 2 Ih, oh a Gh 7 (WC) e 3, IO, (Meh e Us (sp) OSTREIDAE Ostrea lurida CarPENTER, 1864 - 4,6 (EC);5 (FH) PECTINIDAE
Aequipecten circularis aequisulcatus (CARPENTER, 1864) - 4 (EC); “S. B. Ids.” (G)
Chlamys hastata (SowERBy, 1842) = “So 1, Hels.” (@))s il (EDs 1D 3) C. pugetensis (OLpRoyp, 1920) - “S. B. Ids.” (G) Cyclopecten catalinensis (WiLtETT, 1931) = ili ) Delectopecten randolphi tillamookensis (ARNOLD, 1906) - “S. B. Ids.” (G) D. vancouverensis (WurrEavEs, 1893) - “S. B. Ids.” (G)
pe.
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Vol. 7; No. 1
Hinnites multirugosus (Gaz, 1928) sil, ®, B, 2 &, 18 (mee & NO (isisl)s Wl Gal) Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrap, 1837) -10 (FH) L. monotimeris (Conran, 1837) - 1,4, 6 (EC); Pecten diegensis Dat, 1898 - 1, 4 (EG); LimDDAE Lima hemphilli HERTLEIN & STRONG, 1946 - 4,6, 7 (EC); 5 (FH);
ANOMIDAE
5 (FH); 11 (H)
“SB. Ids.” (G); 12 (B)
11 (H)(B)
Anomia peruviana vD’OrBicNyY, 1846 = 4 (E@)Eo) (BED) oli (ED) Pododesmus cepio (Gray, 1849) - 1, 2, 3, 4 (EC); 5, 10 (FH) CHAMIDAE Chama pellucida Broverip, 1835 - 4, 6, 7, 8, 13 (EC); 5, 10 (FH); Pseudochama exogyra (Conrab, 1837) - 3, 4, 6, 7, 13 (EC); 5 (FH)
10 (B); 11 (H)
P. granti StrRonc, 1934 - 12 (B) CaRDITIDAE Cardita longini Batty, 1945 - 10, 12 (B) C. ventricosa Goutp, 1850 - several stations (BH); 11 (H) Glans carpenteri (Lamy, 1922) - 4) 6, 7, 13 (E@)s 5) (BH) 1 (a) Milneria kelsey: Daur, 1916 - 11 (H) ERYCINIDAE Lasaea cistula Kern, 1938 - 4, 13 (EC) KELLIDAE Kellia laperousii (DESHAYES, 1839) - 1, 4, 6, 7, 13 (EC); 5 (FH); 11 (A) MontTAcuTDAE Mysella sp. - 4 (EC) LuciInIDAE Epilucina californica (Conrapb, 1837) - 3, 4,5,7 (EC) Here excavata (CARPENTER, 1857) - 4 (EC) Lucinisca nuttalli (Conrap, 1837) - 4 (EC) Lucinoma cf. L. aequizonata (STEARNS, 1890) - 4 (EC) “beach” UNGULINDAE Diplodonta orbella (Gou.p, 1852) a 6h, 45 (8h, 0, les (IG) gt, WO (alsl) D. sericata (Reeve, 1850) - 11 (H) [juv. D. orbella? (EC) ]} D, cf. D. subquadrata (CarPENTER, 1856) - 12 (B) [juv. D. orbella? (EC) ]
CARDIIDAE Clinocardium nuttalli (Conrab, 1837)
- 4, 6 (EC); 5 (H) Laevicardium substriatum (Conran, 1837) - 7 (EC)
Nemocardium centifilosum (CARPENTER, 1864) - 10 (EC); 11 (B)(H); 12 (B)
Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrap, 1837) - 4,5,6 (EC); 10 (FH); 11 (B)(H)
VENERIDAE Amiantis callosa (Conrap, 1837) - 5 (FH) Chione californiensis (BRopERIP, 1835) - 6 (EC)
C. undatella (SowERBy, 1835) - 4, 6 (EC) Compsomyax subdiaphana (CarPENTER, 1864) - 4 (EC); several stations (BH); 11 (B)(H) Notirus lamellifer (Conran, 1837) - 1, 3, 4 (EC); 11 (HB); 10 (FR) Protothaca laciniata (CARPENTER, 1864) -4,6 (EC); 5 (FH) P. staminea (Conran, 1837) - 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 (EC); 5 (FH) P. tenerrima (CARPENTER, 1856) - 4(EC) Saxidomus nuttalli Conran, 1837 - 1, 4, 6 (EC); 5, 10 (FH) Tapes semidecussata REEVE, 1864 ? Tivela stultorum (Mawe, 1823) - 3,4, (EC);5 (FH); 11 (H) Transennella tantilla (Gouxp, 1853)
- I, 3, 4 6 (EC): 5; 10) (BE is (ED) VenEec olan tones (Yates, 1890) - 1, 3, 4(EC) PETRICOLIDAE Petricola californiensis Pitspry « Lowe, 1932 - 3,4,7 (EC) P. carditoides (Conran, 1837) = 1) 3,4, 6) (E@)95) 753) (HED) aria Gen) CooPERELLIDAE Cooperella subdiaphana (Carpenter, 1864) - 11 (H) MactTrRIDAE Spisula cf. S. planulata (Conran, 1837) - 12 (B)
Tresus nuttallii (Conran, 1837) - 1, 4,6 (EC) ; 10 (FH)
TELLINIDAE
Macoma indentata CARPENTER, 1864 - 4 (EC) M. inquinata (Desuayes, 1854) - 1,4 (EC);5 (FH) M. nasuta (Conran, 1837) - 4, 6 (EC); 10 (FH) M. secta (Conran, 1837) - 4,6 (EC)
M. yoldiformis CARPENTER, 1864 - 4 (EC) ; several stations (BH); 11 (H) Florimetis biangulata (CARPENTER, 1855) - 4 (EC); 5 (FH) Tellina bodegensis Hinps, 1844 - 1 0
Vol. 7; No. 1
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T. cf. T. buttoni Dax, 1900 - 4 (EC); 5 (FH)
T. carpenteri Daut, 1900 = melt 255 ((B)) DonacDAE
Donax gouldii Dati, 1921 - 4 (EC) GaRIDAE
Gari californica (Conran, 1849) - 3, 4,6 (EC); 11 (H)
Sanguinolaria nuttallii ConraAb, 1837 - 4 (EC) SEMELIDAE
Cumingia californica Conran, 1837
= 3, 4, 6; 7, 13 (EC); 5, 10: (FH) Semele decisa (Conran, 1837) - 3, 4 (EC) S. incongrua CarPENTER, 1864 S. rubropicta Dati, 1871
S. rupicola Dax, 1915 = 1, 3,4, 13 (EC); 11 (A) SOLECURTIDAE
Tagelus californicus (Conrap, 1837) - 4, 6 (EC) SOLENIDAE
Siliqua patula (Drxon, 1789) - 4, 6 (EC
Solen rosaceus CARPENTER, 1864 4 (EC
S. stcartus GouLp, 1850 - several stations (BH) ; 11 (H) My war Cryptomya californica (Conran, 1837) =A Onn (Ei) iioin (EikA)) Platyodon cancellatus (Conrap, 1837) = Ila, G5 7 (HO) 3 SIO (ash) Sphenia sp. - 4 (EC) HIATELLIDAE Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767) 1,450) 1, 1S (1G) sO Geshe iil (shys le (03)
Panopea generosa Goutp, 1850 - 4 (EC)
Saxicavella pacifica Dati, 1916 - several stations (BH) PHOLADIDAE
Barnea subtruncata (Sowersy, 1834) - 24 (EC)
Chaceia ovoidea (Goutp, 1851) - 4,7 (EC); 1 (FH) Netastoma rostrata (VALENCIENNES, 1846)
- 1,4,7 (EC) Parapholas californica (Conran, 1837)
oI 34 7 (UX)
Penitella conradi VALENCIENNES, 1846 _—-- 4, 13 (EC)
P. gabbi (Tryon, 1863) - 4,7 (EC)
FP penita (Conran, 1837) - 1,3,4,6,7 (EC);5 (FH)
Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe, 1931 - 4 (EC); 10 (FH) TEREDINIDAE
Teredo cf. T. diegensis Bartscu, 1916 - 3 (EC) PANDORIDAE
Pandora punctata Conran, 1837 - 4 (EC) LYONSMDAE
E'ntodesma inflata (Conrap, 1837) - 10 (EC);11 (H) E. saxicola (Batrp, 1863) - 1, 4, 6, 13 (EC) ; 7, 10 (FH) Lyonsia californica ConrApD, 1837 - 6 (EC); il (al)
Mytilimeria nuttallii Conran, 1837 = il; 4, O75 @ (Gis &, 0 (ash)5 tol (Ge h)
THRACIDAE
Thracia curta Conrap, 1837 - 3, 4, 7 (EC) CUSPIDARDDAE Cardiomya californica (Dau, 1886) - 12 (B) SCAPHOPODA DENTALIDAE
Dentalium neohexagonum SHARP & Piispry, 1897 - 4 (EC); 5 (FH)
LITERATURE CITED
BERRY, SAMUEL STILLMAN 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 46 (5): 150 - 157; 9 figs. (May 1956) Barnarb, J. LAuRENS, & OLGA HARTMAN 1959. The sea bottom off Santa Barbara County: biomass and community structure. Pacific Naturalist 6 (6) : 1- 15; 7 figs.; 6 tables. (1 June 1959) Dati, WititiaM HEALEY 1921. | Summary of the marine shell-bearing mollusks of the north-west coast of America from San Diego, California, to the Polar Sea, mostly contained in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. Smithson. Inst., U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 112: pp. 1 - 217; plts. 1 - 22.
Grau, GILBERT 1959. Pectinidae of the Eastern Pacific. Allan Hancock Pa- cific Expeditions 23: viii + 308; 57 plts. Univ. South. Calif. Press. (25 September 1959) Hewatt, WILuIs G. 1946. Marine ecological studies on Santa Cruz Island, Cali- fornia. Ecol. Monographs 16 (3): 185-210; 2 figs; 2 tables. Keen, A. Myra 1963. | Marine molluscan genera of western North America: an illustrated key. Stanford Univ. Press; 1 - 126; illust. NEWELL, Irvin M. 1948. | Marine molluscan provinces of western North America: a critique and a new analysis. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 92 (3): 155-199; 7 figs.; 2 tables. (July 1948) ScHEencK, Hupert G., « A. Myra KEEN
1936. | Marine molluscan provinces of western North America. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 76 (6): 921 - 938; 6 figs.; 1 table.
YaTES, LORENZO GoRDIN
1877. The mollusca of Santa Rosa Island, California. U. S. Quart. Journ. Conch. (Leads) 1 (10): 182-185.
1890 a. The mollusca of the Channel Islands of California. Ninth Ann. Reprt., State Mineralogist for 1889: 175 - 178. State Min. Bureau.
1890b. The mollusca of Santa Barbara County, California, and new shells from the Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 36 - 48; 2 plts. (August 1890)
>‘. J,
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Vol. 7; No. 1
Habitats and Breeding Seasons of the Shelf Limpet
Crepidula norrisiarum WILLIAMSON
NETTIE MacGINITIE AND GEORGE E. MacGINITIE Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, Corona Del Mar, California
and
U.S. Naval Missile Center, Point Mugu, California
(Plate 6)
DuRING THE COURSE Of some investigations of marine invertebrates in the vicinity of Corona Del Mar, Califor- nia, and off Point Mugu, California, as well as the offshore islands, observations were incidentally made on the habitats and breeding seasons of Crepidula norrisia- rum WiLLiAMSoN, 1905. These observations were made between 1948 and 1963. Some of the information obtained is listed in the table below. The earlier investigations were made from the Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory of the Cali- fornia Institute of Technology, the later from the U.S. Naval Missile Center at Point Mugu, California. In the work at Point Mugu, we are indebted to SCUBA divers Billy Scronce and Martin Conboy (USN), who brought in the specimens from Locations 2 and 3.
The records given in the table below indicate that
Crepidula norrisiarum breeds throughout the year. Of the individuals examined, none that were 25 mm or less in length were found brooding eggs. Of the thirteen indi- viduals on one Norrisia, the males averaged 14.1 mm in length, the females 25.0 mm. Tiny, solitary individuals are often found on the same host with the large ones that are paired. Are these potential males for the females that will develop from the current males?
We believe that several new habitats are given and that ten and thirteen individuals per host are rather unusual. That Crepidula norrisiarum was found on Rardallia, a crab that inhabits smooth, open bottom, shows that the limpet is not necessarily confined to a rocky habitat.
In the preparation of this manuscript, we are indebted to Dr. Myra Keen for a helpful suggestion. ~
Habitats and Breeding Seasons of Crepidula norrisiarum WILLIAMSON
No. of Sizein No. Brooding No. Cap- Eggs or larvae Month Individuals mm Individuals sules per Capsule (Ave.) Habitat Location
Jan. 5 1 20 26 larvae 1 Norrisia 1 Feb. 4 1.7- 28 0 3 Mitrella carinata 2 1 3.8 0 1 Nassarius cooperi 2
13 4.1 - 28.3 3 24 - 35 24 -eggs, larvae 1 Norrisia 2
10 4.0 - 34.0 1 1 Norrisia 2
April 8 ? 3 Randallia bulligera (crab) 1 2 1 (larvae with 1.1 mm shells) 1 Norrisia 1
June 2 1 19 15 - 30 larvae’ 1 Norrisia 1 Oct. 2 21, 28 1 eggs 2 Norrisia 3
Location 1: Off Corona Del Mar, California, from 20 to 50 feet deep.
Location 2: 34 mi. south of Mugu Rock, near Point Mugu, California, 30 feet deep.
Location 3: Off Anacapa Island, California, 100 yards out from Cat Rock, 55 to 60 feet deep.
* With the exception of a very few in the center of a capsule, all the larvae were oriented so that the foot was placed against the wall of the capsule.
Tue VE .icER, Vol. 7, No. 1 [MacGinitie « MacGiniTiE] Plate 6
Norrisia norrist (SOwERBY, 1838), 48.2 mm in diameter, 40.5 mm high, with thirteen Crepidula norrisiarum WILLIAMSON, 1905, growing on it.
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Page 35
New Species of Mollusks from the Coast of Brazil
BERNARD TURSCH
Centro de Pesquisas de Productos Naturais, Faculdade National de Farmacia, Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro ZC-82, Brazil.
AND
JEAN PIERRET Rua dos Oitis 42, Rio de Janeiro ZC-20, Brazil
(5 Text figures)
THIs IS THE FIRST in what is hoped to be a series of papers describing new species of mollusks that are coming to light in recent years, due to good opportunities for col- lecting.
Cl. PELECYPODA HETERODONTA
SEMELIDAE Semele ScHuMACHER, 1817
Semele aurora TurscH & PieRRET, spec. nov. (Figures 1, 2 and 3)
Shell white, marked with numerous radial color stripes that are pink to bright orange, the area near the umbones flecked or blotched with red. Texture porcelaneous but somewhat translucent, the external rays showing through to the highly enameled interior surface. Outline subovate, with rounded anterior end, posterior end shorter with a definite flexure. Right valve slightly more convex than
Figure 1: Semele aurora, holotype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. no. 9736. Exterior, right valve. x 1. Recent, Rio de Janeiro.
Figure 2: Semele aurora, holotype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. no. 9736. Interior, right valve. < 1. Recent, Rio de Janeiro.
left. Sculpture, in addition to growth lines, of coarsely corrugated concentric ribs, finer near beaks, more widely spaced near margins, stronger on the posterior end. Hinge with two cardinal and two lateral teeth in either valve, the anterior cardinals higher, slightly bifid. External liga- ment supplemented by a resilium in an internal depression or chondrophore behind the two cardinal teeth and nearly parallel to the posterior part of the hinge line. Pallial sinus moderately large.
Dimensions: (in millimeters) Length Height Convexity (both valves) Holotype 48.9 41.8 gall Paratype I 38.6 30.6 1335 Paratype IT 38.9 31.4 13.7
Type locality: Off Rio de Janeiro, in 30 fathoms, sand. Repositories: Holotype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll.
Page 36
no. 9736. Paratype I: Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, no. 3116; Paratype Il: American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Discussion: This species seems related to Semele purpur-
ascens (GMELIN, 1791) but is readily separated by its coarser concentric ribs and its distinctive color pattern. These differences also apply to S. proficua (PULTENEY,
Figure 3: Semele aurora, holotype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. no. 9736. Diagram of hinge of right valve. x 1. Recent, Rio de Janeiro.
1799). From S. casali DoELLo-JuRADO, 1949, of the Ar- gentine coast, it is distinguished by its larger size, smaller pallial sinus, and greater proportionate height.
Cl. GASTROPODA CTENOBRANCHIATA PTENOGLOSSA EPITONIDAE Epitonium Répine, 1798
Epitonium (Epitonium) arnaldoi Turscu & PIERRET spec. nov.
(Figure 4)
Shell small, thin, white, rather fragile, imperforate, with numerous costae. Surface between costae shiny, showing no microscopic sculpture. Whorls about 10, convex, at- tached to one another by the costae. Aperture subcircular, holostomatous. Nuclear whorls 24, glassy, smooth. Whorls of teleoconch flat-sided, enlarging at an angle of approx- imately 35°. Costae blade-like, somewhat solid, produced at a sharp angle on the shoulder of the body whorl.
Holotype with 10 costae on body whorl. Operculum un- known.
Dimensions: (in millimeters) Tern Vie Nim of whorls Holotype: 11.0 405) 10.0 Paratype: D2 2.9 6++
(probably 2 missing)
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Vol. 7; No. 1
Type locality: Trawled off Punta de Juatinga, Lat. 23°22’ S., Long. 48°28’ W, in 50 meters depth.
Repositories: Holotype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. no. 9737; paratype, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, no. 3118.
Discussion: Epitonium arnaldoi seems to be closely related to E. angulatum (Say, 1830). It can be distinguished by the flat-sided whorls of the spire, contrasting to the convexity of E. angulatum and also by having more whorls for an equal size; for example, a shell of 16 mm length of E. angulatum has 8 whorls, whereas at 11 mm E. arnaldoi has 10, From E. venosum (Sowersy, 1844) and
Figure 4: Epitonium arnaldoi, holotype, Stanford Univ. : Paleo. Type Coll. no. 9737. « 4.4. Recent, Rio de Janeiro.
E. foliaceicostum (p’OrBicny, 1842) this new species differs by the number of whorls and the number of costae on the body whorl.
This species is named after Dr. Arnaldo Campos dos Santos Coelho, Curator of Mollusca at the Museu Nacio- nal of Rio de Janeiro.
Epitonium (Epitonium) mauryi TurscH & PIERRET spec. nov.
(Figure 5)
Shell moderately large (some adults as large as 25 mm in length), thin, white, imperforate, with numerous costae. Surface between costae shiny, showing no micro- scopic sculpture. Whorls up to 11 in number, convex, appressed or slightly separated and attached by the costae only. Aperture subcircular, holostomatous. Nuclear whorls very small, smooth. Spire elongated, spire angle approx- imately 26°. Costae blade-like, rather high, angled at the whorl shoulder, where they reach the maximum height. Body whorl with 13 to 15 costae. Operculum unknown.
Vol. 7; No. 1 THE VELIGER Page 37 Dimensions:
(in millimeters)
Length Width Number
of whorls
Holotype: 18.4 6.5 10.5 Paratype I: 14.4 5.0 10.0 Paratype IT: 18.6 6.5 10.0 Paratype III: 13.5 51D 8.0
(early whorls missing in all specimens listed above)
Type locality: Trawled off Punta de Juatinga, Lat. 23°22’ S., 48°28’ W, in 50 meters. Repositories: Holotype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. no. 9738; Paratype I, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, no. Harvard; Paratype II, American Museum of Natural History, New York; Paratype III, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, no. 3117. Discussion: This species is similar to Epitonium fractum Dat, 1927 but differs in having fewer costae on the body whorl, the costae never form spines or hooks at the shoulder angle, and also the whorls are less convex in outline. The new form is trawled together with E. georgettina (KiENEr, 1839), from which it is easily sepa- rated by its smaller size and lower costae. A badly broken shell measured the maximum size of 25.7 mm in length, 9.1 mm in width.
This new species is dedicated to Dr. Maury Pinto de Oliveira, Brazilian malacologist.
Figure 5: Epitonium mauryi, holotype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. no. 9738. 2.7. Recent, Rio de Janeiro.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Myra Keen for encouraging this work, critically reading the manuscript, and kindly helping in many ways. We thank Mr. Perfecto Mary, also of Stanford University, for the line drawings used here.
Provisional Classification of the Genus Notocypraea SCHILDER, 1927 (Cypraeidae)
FRANZ ALFRED SCHILDER University of Halle, German Democratic Republic
THERE WAS ALWAYS a great confusion concerning the classification of the so-called species and varieties which belong to the genus Notocypraea ScHILDER, 1927, re- stricted to the coasts of southern Australia and Tasmania. Even the most modern “reviews” by GrirFirHs (1961, 1962) are not satisfying, as he describes ten “species” in alphabetical order without indicating the essential char- acters which distinguish each from the other, so that identification by the aid of the photographs becomes difficult.
NAMES
The names established for genera, species, subspecies and “varieties” (nomenclatorially of subspecific rank) may be arranged chronologically as follows (|| designates pre-_ occupied names not valid on account of prior homony- ma):
(nameless species, pl. 13, fig. QQ) GuattiErt, 1742
(=angustata GMELIN) Cypraea angustata GMeuin, 1791 Cypraea || maculata Perry, 1811
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Cypraea piperita Gray, 1825
Cypraea || castanea ANDERSON, 1836
Cypraea (em.) piperata CaATLOw & REEvE, 1845
Cypraea pulicaria REEVE, 1846
Cypraea comptonii Gray, 1847
Cypraea bicolor Gaskoin, 1849 (not 1848)
Cypraea declivis SowERBy, 1870
Cypraea (err.) pipitata BRAZIER, 1882
Cypraea angustata var. subcarnea BEDDOME, 1896
Cypraea angustata var. mayi BeppoME, 1898
Cypraea angustata var. albata BEDpoME, 1898
Cypraea angustata var. || globosa Vayssitre, 1910
Erronea (Stolida) angustata piperita var. reticuli- fera ScuILpeErR, 1924
Cypraea piperita var. leucochroa Suuuioti, 1924
Notocypraea (n. g.) ScHiLpER, 1927; type: piperita Gray
Notocypraea bicolor emblema IrEDALE, 1931
Notocypraea piperita dissecta IREDALE, 1931
Thelxinovum (n. g.) IREDALE, 1931; type: mollen IREDALE
Thelxinovum molleri IREDALE, 1931
Notocypraea verconis CoTTON & GopFREyY, 1932
Notocypraea declivis occidentalis IREDALE, 1935
Guitacypraea (n. g.) IREDALE, 1935; type: pulicaria REEVE
Notocypraea (Notocypraea) emblema syn. (em.) molleri ScHILDER, 1941
Guttacypraea euclia STEADMAN & Cotton, 1946
Guttacypraea pulicaria (var.) candida Corn, 1949
Notocypraea angustata (var.) lentiginosa Coren, 1949
(err.) Thelixinovuum ALLAN, 1956; type molleri IREDALE
Cypraea (Notocypraca) wilkinsi GrirrirHs, 1959
Cypraea (Notocypraea) trenberthae TRENBERTH, 1961
Notocypraea casta SCHILDER & SuMMERS, 1963
Note: According to the International Rules of Zoo- logical Nomenclature (1958), Art. 31 the name comp- toni should be emended to comptoni, and according to Art. 32 molleri should be emended to moelleri, as this species was named after Capt. Moller [sic]; however, contrary to Art. 31, I do not recommend emending ver- conis to vercoi, though the latter name would not be preoccupied by Zoila friendii vercoi ScuitpER, 1930. The “emendation” of piperita to piperata is not justified.
NOMENCLATURE The taxonomic arrangement of these cowries is rather difficult, especially for the following two reasons: 1. The genus Notocypraea is a relatively young one, so that the differentiation into clearly definable species
and widely distributed geographical races has not yet been completed: for N. jonesiana (Tate, 1890) seems to be the only Pliocene Notocypraea (known from Victoria and Adelaide), while its Miocene ancestor subregulars Scuitper, 1935 from the Balcombian of Victoria still belongs to the ancestral genus Notoluponia SCHILDER, 1935.
2. GrirrirHs (1962, p. 212) asserts a curious abnor- mality in the ontogeny of Notocypraea: it seems to be abbreviated by the absence of the veliger stage, so that young cowries hatch directly from the egg capsules. This process would favor the development of “local races” in restricted localities, as “the intermixture of genes caused by the long distances travelled by free-swimming larvae” would be suppressed.
‘Therefore, the views about the taxonomic value of species and “varieties” are very different: so, for instance, Verco (1918) regarded all Notocypraea as varieties of one species only (angustata), while Beppome (1898) had distinguished seven species in Tasmania; IREDALE (1935) admitted eight species in the whole area inhab- ited by Notocypraea, and GrirrirHs (1962) ten species; in my last catalogue (ScuitperR, 1941) I admitted four real species, and four to five in the present paper.
Besides there are nomenclatorial difficulties: so, for instance, I cannot agree with GrirriTHs’ views con- cerning the use of the specific name piperita, which he has submitted to the International Commission of Zoo- logical Nomenclature (GrirrirHs, 1962a), and I con- tinue to adhere to my interpretation of piperita as explained in a previous paper (SCHILDER, 1961), because I have examined personally the type shells preserved in the British Museum (Natural History). The names angustata and comptoni have been erroneously interpreted as cowrie species living in other regions, viz. as Luponia fuscodentata (Gray, 1825) and Erronea walkeri (SOWER- By, 1832), and therefore have been unnecessarily re- named verconis and trenberthae by Corton & GoDFREY, (1932) and TrENBERTH (1961) respectively. There are many other misidentifications made chiefly by Australian malacologists, e.g. the deep water bicolor (called euclia later on) has been mistaken for pulicaria by Verco, 1912 and VayssikrRE, 1923; and casta, a light whitish un- spotted comptoni used to be called albata in Australian collections, a name established for a monstrosity of angus- tata suffused with heavy white callus.
ANIMALS There are probably constant differences in the color of the animal, but though some of them have been described already a hundred years ago (Ancas, 1865), our present knowledge is very poor and not sufficient for taxonomic arrangement.
Vol. 7; No. 1
The radula shows differences which far exceed the limits observed between real species of other cowrie genera. The median tooth shows three types with regard to its basal. teeth:
1 They are rather closely set near the center of the base; GrirrirHs (1962, pl. 4) figured this type in Noto- cypraea pulicaria, N. bicolor (called “piperita”), N. euclia, N. wilkinsi, and N. occidentalis (“species W”), but also in the large median of the holotype of N. em- blema; in N. dissecta and in the young specimen called “species Y” these basal teeth are slightly more separated.
2 They are displaced to the corners of the median where they form oblique denticles in Notocypraea comp- toni, N. casta (according to a personal communication by GrirrirHs), N. declivis (according to VAYSSIERE, 1923) as well as in the “‘species Z” the median of which looks like a monstrosity.
3 They unite with the corners themselves so that they appear less distinct in Notocypraea angustata and N. moelleri.
Personal examination of some few radulae showed Notocypraea reticulifera (from Albany) to be like N. bicolor as figured by GrirFirHs, while two N. bicolor (from Tumby Bay in the Spencer Gulf) show short broad basal teeth approaching each other as it is in N. dissecta, but they protrude behind like in N. emblema, and the plate itself is almost as oblong as in GrirFITHS’ “species Y”. Oliviform N. piperita (sensu ScHILDER) from Alba- ny agree with GrirFirHs’ “comptonii” as well as my piperita (Phillip Island) and my trenberthae (Tumby Bay), and as a radula of “comptonu’’ (from Victoria) preserved in the British Museum, but without a shell; an “angustata”’ (from Tasmania) preserved in the British Museum in the same way agrees with the latter and not with angustata of GRIFFITHS.
The admedians and laterals are tricuspid anteriorly in Notocypraea reticulifera (Albany), N. euclia (“pulica- ria’ VAYSSIERE, 1923), and N. wilkinsi (GrirFiTHs, 1959). In the five smallest specimens among eight olivi- form N. piperita (Albany) the admedian exhibits four to five denticles on its anterior border, as it is in N. piperita (Phillip Island), N. trenberthae (Tumby Bay), N. compton (Victoria), and N. declivis (Tasmania: VayssIERE, 1923). Occasionally the laterals also may be adorned by more than three denticles in front.
These observations point to a great variability in the features of the radula, which has been noted also in other cowrie species {e. g. Bistolida stolida (LiINNAEUus, 1758) :
median with or without basal teeth; Staphylaea limacina -
(Lamarck, 1810): laterals long and slender or broadly hook-like}. Nevertheless the five species conchologically distinguished below may be characterized by the basal teeth of the median of the radula as follows:
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1 Strong, conspicuous - Obsolete, confluent with the corners Fionn donot aen Notocypraea angustata
2 Rather central .. N. pulicaria, N. bicolor - Near to the corners JN. piperita, N. declivis
eee eesee
SHELLS
The characters of the shell are also rather variable, so that extreme varieties become hardly distinguishable, if one compares each pair of adjacent species of the sequence Notocypraea pulicaria, N. bicolor, N. piperita and N. angustata. The great majority of rather typical specimens, however, is always well recognizable. Moreover, most species are separable into several “subspecies” of various degree (see below), which can be identified according to the following dichotomous key:
1 Fossula concave, projecting in its posterior half; teeth extremely fine; shell cylindrical, dorsum low; pale, with 4 narrow interrupted zones and well defined OUNKODWS COS coccccob0c0dd00000000000000000
Notocypraea pulicaria
- Fossula shallow, projecting at most in its anterior half; teeth fine; shell oblong to ovate, dorsum raised, irregularly freckled if spotted at all .......... (2)
2 Anterior edge of the fossula not connected with the interior wall of the dorsum; dorsum not humped, extremities produced, outer lip margined, basally narrow and convex, teeth short, fine, fossula and columellar sulcus often concave ............ (3)
- Anterior edge of the fossula connected with the inte- rior wall of the dorsum; dorsum humped, extremi- ties short, outer lip less margined, broad (so that the aperture becomes more central) and flattened, labial teeth produced to ribs, columellar teeth slightly coarser; fossula and columellar sulcus reduced as well as the inner part of the anterior terminal ridge; dorsal zones absent to obsolete, terminal blotches con- FMMUG=bossccoondoansep ended dooms aoe
Notocypraea (angustata) (13)
3 Dorsum whitish, mostly freckled or reticulate with fulvous, 4 zones (if present) interrupted into large blotches, posterior zone also distinct, anterior ter- INinlalaspotssobsoOletemmerenryctrysisl le celle
Notocypraea bicolor (4) Dorsum mostly fawn (though varying from white to dark purple), often with chestnut spots in its lateral parts, 4 zones narrow but less interrupted, the central pair being accentuated while the terminal zones become obsolete, anterior terminal spots conspicuous Notocypraea piperita (8)
4 Dorsal zones distinct, lateral spots dark ...... (5) - Dorsal zones absent, lateral spots obsolete (pale to ANSE) chonovoccogooouocbUbUobcoGO60Kn6 (7)
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Vol. 7; No. 1
5 Shell oblong, light, white with pale fulvous markings, dorsal zones narrow and distant ............
Notocypraea bicolor occidentalis |
- Shell subpyriform, solid, pale flesh color with fulvous MMEVITINES 6 docvgcenodo0onoaoodGCNZN0000000 (6)
6 Dorsal zones narrow and distant, shell less solid Notocypraea bicolor reticulifera - Dorsal zones broad (the central pair often confluent),
Anal] GNC! Gooboooacogooc0dd go DoDD DD OK0NS Notocypraea bicolor bicolor
7 Shell subpyriform; lives in shallow waters .... Notocypraea bicolor wilkinsi
- Shell very oblong; lives in deep waters ...... - Notocypraea bicolor eucla 8 Shell oblong to subcylindrical, base less callous (9)
- Shell rather pyriform, attenuated in front .. (10) 9 Fossula rather projecting and concave; anterior ex- themMItyaCONnstrictediaaeaniee eae center
Notocypraea piperita dissecta Fossula less developed; anterior extremity dilated Notocypraea piperita piperita 10 Margins spotted, dorsum zonate ........... (11) - Margins unspotted, dorsum inzonate, whitish .. Notocypraea piperita casta 11 Shell rather slender and light, dorsal zones pale (the central pair often confluent), lateral spots fine, base mostlysfulVousyCONVEXa Heer (12) - Shell broad, callous, dorsal zones conspicuous (cent- tral pair mostly disjunct), lateral spots coarser, basemwhitishwahlattened samen ae reerieiet Notocypraea piperita mayi 12 Dorsum dark brown to purplish, base fuliginous Notocypraea piperita trenberthae - Dorsum fawn, base pale orange .............. Notocypraea piperita comptoni 13 Dorsum pale, closely freckled, lateral spots rather fine Notocypraea (angustata) declivis - Dorsum unspotted, lateral spots rather coarse .. . Notocypraea angustata (14) 14 Shell rather light, dorsum pale, mostly with 4 indistinct zones, pase often pale tleshucoloniar remeron Notocypraca angustata moelleri - Shell solid, dorsum chestnut to gray-brown, inzonate, bases white ie icriety ci woatenant etree cer tees Notocypraca angustata angustata
ILLUSTRATIONS
Typical shells of the species and subspecies characterized above are represented by the following figures in SowEr- By (1870) [S], Beppome (1898) [B], Attan (1956: bad and distorted) [A], and Grirrirus (1961 [G'] and 1962 [G']) :
[Al (G'), (G7
Notocypraea pulicaria | 290-291 45-46 occidentali. 57-59 64-66 reticulifera bicolor 288-289 47-50 533 wilkinst 60-63 eucha 34-36 dissecta 28-33 piperita 285-286 : 10-12 trenberthae| 293 13 comptoni | 294-295 : 17 mayt : 19-20 casta 21 declis —{328*-329* 22-24 moelleri 37-39 angustata | 296-297 : 1-7
Besides: N. subcarnea [B| 8-10; N. albata [B] 11; N. N. emblema [A] 4:13-14.
QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS
The following table has been calculated by Dr. Maria Schilder; it contains L =length of the shell in mm, BL ==maximum breadth expressed in % of L, and the number of labial (== LT) and columellar (= CT) teeth reduced to shells of L==25 mm (see Proc. Malac. Soc. London 23: 124; 1938). The figures taken from about 900 shells measured by us have been balanced with those given by GrirritHs, 1962. The first figure desig- nates the mean, the two figures added in parentheses express the variation of about 90% of the specimens (i. e. four times the standard deviation), thus excluding the rare extreme shells. One will observe a general increase in L and BL, but a decrease in LT and CT. (see table, page 41)
DISTRIBUTION
The geographical range of the species and subspecies dis- tinguished above is as follows (only reliable localities of specimens examined by us, or described or figured by
_ other writers in a satisfactory way. have been considered)
Notocypraea pulicaria Rottnest Island to Flinders Bay occidentalis Cape Naturaliste to Cape Leeuwin reticulifera Flinders Bay to Esperance bicolor Fowlers Bay to Eden; Tasmania wilkinsi Victoria: Flinders to Liptrap euclia West of Eucla (deep water) dissecta Green Cape to Twofold Bay (deep
water )
Vol. 7; No. 1 THE VELIGER Page 41 L BL LT CT Notocypraea mulicania 17. (15-20) 56 (53-59) 29 (26-31) 27 (24-31) occidentalis 19 (16-23) 9 (56-62) 27 (24-29) 23 (20-25) Per oulitena 20 (17-25) 59 (56-63) 26 (24-28) 22 (19-25) biaalen 99 (18-25) aren 64) 26 (24-28) 22 (19-25) “deine 20 (17-24) 59 (54- a 27 (25-29) 22 (20-25) axonal 20 (17-24) : (51-55) 28 (26-30) 25 (23-27) Hessoaia 90 (17-23) 56 (53-59) 28 (26-31) 23 (21-25) Lice 21 (18-26) 60 (57-64) 25 (22-28) 21 (19-24) ie berthae 24 (20-27) 59 (56-62) 24 (22-27) 21 (19-23) comptoni 93 (19-27) 62 (59-66) 24 (21-27) 21 (19-24) mani 93 (20-27) 65 (61-68) 24 (22-27) 21 (19-24) G08 24 (21-28) 62 (59-65) 24.(22-27) 19 (18-22) Meelis BE (20-27) 66 (63-69) 24 (22-27) 19 (17-22) moelleri 4 (20-27) 2 (58-65) se (23-28) 20 (19-23) angustata 5, (22-30) 7 (64-71) 4 (21-27) 19 (17-22) piperita Cape Leeuwin to Eden TAXONOMY trenberthae Spencer Gulf: ‘Tumby Bay (locally) The Notocypraea characterized in the dichotomous key comptoni Hopetown to Malacoota; ‘Tasmania should be comprised into four or five species: mayi Port Mac Donnell to Malacoota ; 1. Notocypraea pulicaria, which is geographically the Tasmania only species restricted to less cold waters, and morpho- casta Port Mac Donnell (locally ) logically the only well separable species among its allies, declivis Port Mac Donnell to Lorne; Tasmania showing characters least aberrant from other Cyprae- moellert Lakes Entrance to Eden (deep water) ovulinae; nevertheless I do not recommend to separate angustata Port Drummond to Eden; Tasmania it as a monotypical subgenus Guttacypraea;
Therefore, Notocypraea pulicaria is almost restricted to the southern west coast of Australia, with the center at Cape Naturaliste. -Its range approximately coincides with that of N. occidentalis which is connected both geo- graphically and morphologically by WN. reticulifera (western south coast) with the typical N. bicolor (eastern south coast and Tasmania) ; N. wilkinsi seems to be at most a local mutant from Victoria, and N. euclia is the deep water representant of N. bicolor in the Great Aus- tralian Bight. - The third species, N. piperita, is not represented on the west coast, but otherwise its range is similar to that of N. bicolor; however, the slender subspecies do not reach Tasmania (the typical N. piper- ita occurs from south-western Australia to Eden, and is replaced by N. dissecta in the deep waters of southern New South Wales), while the pyriform N. comptoni and N. mayt reach Tasmania (the latter evidently does not spread west of Victoria); N. trenberthae and N. casta seem to be local mutants living in restricted areas only. - The fourth species, N. angustata, evidently originated
in the Bass Strait: while N. declivis seems to be restricted .
to this area, N. angustata occurs sporadically as far as to the Spencer Gulf and Eden, and is replaced by N. moelleri in the deep waters of southern New South Wales.
2. Notocypraea bicolor, which approaches it in some respects and evidently originated farther west along the south coast, than
3. Notocypraea piperita did, which approaches espe- cially in color the most eastern species,
4. Notocypraea angustata (from which N. declivis possibly can be separated as a more primitive species) : this species is restricted to the coldest regions around the Bass Strait and shows the most unusual features (fossula!) so that it should be regarded as the last extreme offspring of the phylogenetic branch called Notocypraea.
Therefore, this sequence of species seems to indicate the way of evolution of the genus; it is confirmed by other units named in the key above, which partially seem to be connecting links between the typical repre- sentatives of the four species.
The other eleven taxa should be classified as sub- species according to the International Rules of Zoolog- ical Nomenclature, though their significance in evolution is quite unequal: but this essential fact has not been considered by the Rules so that all units must be treated formally as equal.
There are only three taxa forming a cline, which are separated geographically so well that they should be
~~
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Vol. 7; No. 1
called geographical (chorological) races: occidentalis, reticulifera, and bicolor (the former is more separated
morphologically than the two last named each from the |
other). In other pairs excluding each member from the other, viz. piperita - dissecta and angustata - moelleri there are differences in the depth of the inhabited waters; euclia is a deep water “race” of reticulifera inhabiting the adjacent shores. The relation between piperita - comptoni - mayi is Jess evident: as their geo- graphical distribution is greatly overlapping (though differing slightly in border areas) they look like an eco- logical cline. Other “subspecies” (for which the unoffi- cial term “infraspecies’” would be more adequate) seem to represent local mutants which recently arose so that there was no time to spread (“no veliger”!): wilkinsi from bicolor; trenberthae and casta from comptoni. Possibly the status of declivis may be similar, as it agrees with angustata in all essential characters except the freckled dorsum; but it has spread to a large area within that of angustata, and there are few intermediates so so that one could treat declivis also as a fifth species, especially if the differences in the radula should be proved.
The other names mentioned above in the chronological list should be regarded as synonyms as they designate individual modifications at most: subcarnea and || glo- bosa refer to angustata pathologically suffused with yel- lowish enamel, and albata likewise with white enamel so that the lateral spots become hidden and the base very callous; leucochroa is a name for the “albinism” of “piperita (SOLANDER) Gray”, therefore it may be a piperita the dorsum of which is white instead of fawn (I have seen such a zonate white shell with spotted mar- gins), or even - if it should be interpreted as pure white - a prior synonym of casta; candida, however, probably is an albinotic pulicaria or based on a beach worn shell of this species; emblema seems to be identical with moelleri in spite of the differences in radula; lentiginosa (not preoccupied!) is an absolute synonym of declivis, as well as || maculata, || castanea and verconis are syno- nyms of angustata.
CLASSIFICATION
The Notocypraea discussed above can be arranged in the following list which shows the evolutionary trend (s = subspecies and i= infraspecies limited c = chor- ologically (geographically) or e = ecologically; ir = re- stricted mutants; v = individual variants; the — sign indicates important synonyma, || designates preoccupied names, / denotes authors who used the name not in the original meaning).
Notocypraea ScuttpEr, 1927 type: piperita Gray = Thelxinovum IrepaLe, 1931, type: moelleri IREDALE
= Guttacypraea IrEDALE, 1935, type: pulicaria REEVE
pulicaria ReEve, 1846 = candida Corn, 1949
bicolor Gasxoin, 1849 sc occidentalis IREDALE, 1935 sc reticulifera SCHILDER, 1924 ie euclia STEADMAN & Cotton, 1946 = pulicaria /VERcO, 1912, VayssikreE, 1923 sc bicolor Gasxoin, 1849 = piperita /Sowersy, 1832 /GRIFFITHs, 1961, 1962 ir wilkinst GrirFitHs, 1959
piperita Gray, 1825 : se piperita Gray, 1825; Gasxoin, 1849 = comptoni /GrirrirHs, 1961, 1962 ie dissecta IREDALE, 1931 se comptoni (em.) Gray, 1847 ir trenberthae TRENBERTH, 1961 ir casta SCHILDER & SUMMERS, 1963 = compton var./CoTTON & GopFREY, 1932 ?== leucochroa Suuuioti, 1924 se mayi BEppomE, 1898
declivis SowErBy, 1870 (ir of angustata ?) = angustata /Gray, 1828 = lentiginosa Corn, 1949
angustata GMELIN, 1791; Gray, 1825 == || maculata Perry, 1811 = || castanea ANvERSON, 1836 == subcarnea /ScHILDER, 1927 = bicolor /TrepAtE, 1931 = verconis CoTToN & GoprrReEy, 1932 v subcarnea BEDDoME, 1896, 1898 = || globosa Vaysstbre, 1910 v albata BeDpoME, 1898 ie moelleri (em.) IREDALE, 1931 = emblema Irepate, 1931
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The present study is based mainly on several hundred specimens with exact locality data, sent to me chiefly by Dr. C. M. Burgess, Col. R. J. Griffiths, Mr. Ray Sum- mers, and Mr. B. R. Wilson (they had been collected © in part by Mrs. Bowman, Constantine, Crabbe, Lang, Marsh and ‘Trenberth) . I am much obliged to these mala- cologists for allowing me to keep about 600 specimens in
Vol. 7; No. 1
THE VELIGER Page 43
my collection for permanent study; this number is about six times as large as the sum total of all Notocypraea which I could study in the public and private collections of almost all countries of Europe. Most specimens came from Victoria and West Australia, some interesting shells also from South Australia, whereas my personal know- ledge of specimens from Tasmania and New South Wales is still rather limited.
LITERATURE CITED
ALLAN, JoycE 1956. Cowry shells of world seas. Georgian House, Mel- bourne. i-x;; pp. 1-170; plts. 1-15. BeppoME, C. E. 1898. Notes on species of Cypraea inhabiting the shores of
Tasmania. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 22: 564 - 576; pit. 31.
GrirfitHs, R. JoHN 1961. Notocypraea — The shells. The Cowry 1 (2): 10-14 [= 26 - 30]; plts. 3-4. 1962. A review of the Cypraeidae genus Notocypraea. Mem. Nat. Mus. Victoria, no. 25: 211-231; 4 plts.
1962 a. Cypraea piperita Gray, 1825 (Gastropoda) ; proposed suppression under the plenary powers. Z. N. (S.) 1510. Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 19 (5): 317 - 322.
SCHILDER, FRANZ ALFRED
1961. Nachtrage zum Katalog der Cypraeacea von 1941.
Arch. Moll. 90 (4-6): 145 - 153 Sowersy, Greorce BRETTINGHAM (second of name) 1870. Cypraea. In Thes. Conch., 4: 58 pp.; 37 plts.
The Egg Capsule and Young of Beringius eyerdam: Smitu
(Neptuneidae)
I. McT. COWAN University of British Columbia, Canada
(Plate 7)
Beringius eyerdami Smiru, 1959, though only recently discovered and described, is widely distributed along the coast of British Columbia. I now have specimens from seven localities between Swiftsure Light in the entrance to Juan de Fuca Strait and Hakai Pass near Calvert Island. More specimens have been secured in Hecate Strait than in any other region. Here it occurs at depths of about 50 fathoms on relatively smooth bottoms of sandy mud with some gravel and shell. Associated with it here are Neptunea lirata (GmeE1IN, 1791), N. smirnia (Datt, 1919) and an unnamed species of Neptunea that is presently under study by Allyn Smith of the California Academy of Sciences.
On a voyage that lasted from April 8 to 13, 1962, a trawler operating on Goose Island Banks, Hecate Strait, B. C., brought up in its net three specimens of Beringius
eyerdami and, along with them, a valve of Pecten cau- -
rinus to which were attached three egg capsules of a type new to me. While the mere association of the capsules with the adult B. eyerdami would not in itself
serve to identify them, a close study of the young in the capsules has convinced me that they are that species.
The capsules are larger than any reported so far in this group of mollusks and differ also in some other features. Each capsule is cemented to the substrate by a double flap-like extension of its outer material arising from its long edge. Each is a thin pouch-like vessel placed so as to overlap the next one (Plate 7, fig. 1). The capsules measured wet were 42.2 mm by 32.6 mm; 41.5 mm by 31 mm and 41 mm by 38 mm. When dry, corresponding measurements are 38 by 25, 38 by 24, and 35 by 28 millimeters.
The outer surfaces of the capsules are of an off-white colour, and when wet appear very pale yellow. Each capsule is a complete envelope within an envelope, the two differing in structure but of approximately equal thickness. The inner envelope, however, is much tougher, more difficult to cut than the outer, and when wet, is strongly resistant to tearing. Two of the capsules were intact, and in these the edges were firmly closed all
vs.
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round, with no visible trace of a suture. The one empty capsule is ruptured along and immediately below the free edge. From this edge projects a tuft of coarse yellow fibres.
The outer element of the capsule is about 0.15 mm in thickness, smooth, and, at 50 < magnification, it reveals no structure. Beneath this surface is a corneous layer bearing on its inner surface fine ridges parallel and in the long axis of the capsule. These are irregularly spaced and have the appearance of hairs cemented to the surface. The most distinctive feature of the capsule is that the entire space between the inner and outer envelopes is packed with long slender fibres strongly yellow in colour. These are arranged in the long axis of the structure. Many of them are attached to the inner surface of the outer capsule and appear to be continuous with it and of the same material. The longer threads are about 40 mm in length and most are free at each end.
The outer surface of the inner capsule bears many delicate laminae, again in the long axis of the capsule. They differ in height and spacing but average 44 laminae per millimeter. Some are plain, others sinuous. Many of the interenvelope fibres appear to arise as lamellae detached from this inner capsule. The surface lining the brood chamber is smoothly finished and without appar- ent structural detail. - Young: Each of the complete capsules contains 5 young, two of the ten were crushed and could not be measured. The first 5 listed below were Capsule mates as were the last 3. Those 12 mm or more in length bear 3 whorls, the others about 24 whorls (Plate 7, fig. 2). In each the nuclear whorls originate in an apical concretion and increase rapidly in size. For the first half of the first whorl the suture is deeply channeled, beyond that it is normal for the adult of the species. At 23 whorls the deep narrow spiral grooves and intervening wide rounded ridges of the adult sculp- ture are clearly apparent. The nuclear whorls are covered in a delicate cuticle that wrinkles on drying.
The structure of the apical concretion of the first nuclear whorl in these young differs importantly from that in capsular or newly emerged young of Neptunea tabulata Bairp, 1863, N. smirnia (Dat, 1919), N. phoe- nicea (Dati, 1919), N. lirata, and N. pribiloffensis (Dati, 1919). In all these the apex is swollen and stud- like and is not bounded internally by a deep sutural groove. In Beringius eyerdami, on the other hand, it is smaller, discrete, and clearly separated from the first whorl by a deep sutural groove. This may prove to be a generic characteristic.
Table 1 Dimensions of capsule young of Beringius eyerdami
(measurements in millimeters)
Width of Aperture _ first second Height length Nuclear Whorl 9.95 4.4 3.5 4.6 12.0 52 3.7 4.5 11.0 4.75 3r00 4.2 V2 4.4 3.7 4.9 94 4.85 3.5 5.0 12.5 5.6 3)S8) 4.6 11.6 4:9 4.1 4.7 10.9 5.4 4.0 ae)
A comparison of the shell thickness of the nuclear whorls at this stage with the thickness of the nuclear whorls attached to the adult shell reveals that a great increase in calcification of the nucleus takes place after the young leave the capsule. It also suggests that the whorls on the adult shell that are usually referred to as the nucleus include one or more post nuclear whorls that have lost their distinctive sculpture. In the present specimens two to two and a half whorls constitute the true nucleus,
Tue VEuicrErR, Vol. 7, No. 1 [Cowan] Plate 7
gy yma |
Figure 1: Two Capsules im situ.
Figure 2: Capsule opened to show young and abundant interenvelope “hair”.
fy
my
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Notes on the Peculiar Egg Laying Habit of an Antarctic Prosobranch (Mollusca : Gastropoda)
JOEL W. HEDGPETH
Pacific Marine Station, Dillon Beach, California
(1 Text figure)
MANY MARINE INVERTEBRATES Of colder waters, including those of the deep sea, produce large yolky eggs, and these in turn produce rather large, non-pelagic larval stages. Among the mysteries of deep-sea biology is the means of reproduction of pycnogonids of the genus Colossendeis. There are perhaps thirty species in this genus, among them the largest known pycnogonids. Yet no specimen of the hundreds so far collected has been observed in the reproductive state, and the nature of the eggs of this genus and of the related polymerous forms (Decolopoda, Pentacolossendeis, and Dodecolo- poda) is unknown. For this reason close attention is paid to various objects adhering to these pycnogonids.
In examining the extensive collections of pycnogonids from Antarctic waters, several specimens were observed with rows of eggs, slightly more than a millimeter in in diameter, adhering to the legs. These appear to be the eggs of some prosobranch mollusk (Figure 1). These eggs are usually on the ventral surface of the long joints (femur and tibia) of the legs, but in one specimen they were on the ventral surface of the body. These posi- tions are apparently out of reach of the terminal segments of the accessory egg-carrying legs (ovigers), which are used by those pycnogonids to groom themselves. Since the four short terminal segments form a sort of shepherd’s crook that is applied to the dorsal surface of the long legs, it would appear that a narrow area of the ventral surface of the legs may not be reached in cleaning. For this reason it cannot be assumed that the pattern of a single or double row of eggs along the leg is the charac- teristic form of the egg mass of the mollusk.
These eggs were observed on three specimens of Colos- sendeis megalonyx Horx, 1881, a common and widely distributed Antarctic species. This is a moderately sized Colossendeis, attaining a span of about six inches. The specimens were from Eltanin stations 410 (61°18’ to 61°19’30” S; 56°08’30” to 56°10'12” W; 120 to 131 fathoms, December 31, 1962), and 437 (62°49'36” to 62°50’30” S; 60°40’ to 60°34’42” W; 146 to 170 fathoms, January 9, 1963).
Figure 1: A. Coxa, femur and part of tibia of a specimen of Colossendeis megalonyx, showing arrangement of egg capsules; B- C. Views of embryo removed from capsule.
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Long legged pycnogonids have been observed to walk about in a somewhat unstable manner, and their high ratio of surface to volume makes it easy for currents to move them about. On at least one occasion deep sea pycnogonids of this genus were observed floating near the bottom during a bathyscaphe dive (T: Monon, 1954,
Bathyfolages, p. 167). It would appear that the dispersal of pycnogonids is probably easier than that of shelled gastropods, and it is obvious that in this example at least the pycnogonid is a potential means for dispersion beyond the immediate site of egg deposition of at least one species of Antarctic mollusk.
Ten New Species of Typhinae
(Gastropoda: Muricidae)
A. MYRA KEEN Department of Geology, Stanford University, California
AND
G. BRUCE CAMPBELL
Sea of Cortez Marine Research Center 10009 California Avenue, South Gate, California
(Plates 8 to 11; 3 Textfigures)
IN THE TWENTY YEARS since a review of the Typhinae was published (Kren, 1944), much new information has accumulated. Authors have described a number of species that modify or add to the distributional picture then drawn up, and the study of fresh specimens and better material has indicated the need of another revision. Because, however, of a prospect for first-hand study of type material in certain European collections, this is being postponed for the time being. To put on record the undescribed forms presently before us seems desirable, in the hope that this stimulus will bring to light other unrecorded information collectors may have that would be useful in our projected review of the entire subfamily.
New interpretations of typhine morphology have been expressed by Freminc (1962) and Vexta (1961). We shall reserve a more extended discussion of these for the proposed revisional work. VELLA, for example, would consider that most of the new species described herein have 4.2 “growth-steps” or varices per whorl, for as there is an offset of each varix below the one on the whorl preceding, it usually requires two complete turns for a varix to fall immediately below an earlier one. We
continue, however, in the interest of simplicity, to describe such shells as having 4 varices per whorl, aware that the precise number may be any fraction between 4.0 and 4.9.
Typhis (Typhina) imperialis KEEN & CAMPBELL, spec. nov.
(Plate 8, figures 1 to 4)
Shell of moderate size, biconic, spire somewhat elevated; teleoconch of five whorls; protoconch of two whorls; nucleus small, flattened, in a central position, gradually expanding, with rounded whorls; varices four per whorl, a single spine at the shoulder curves dorsally and medially, remaining free from the preceding whorl; outer lip narrow and foliated with four or five crenulations between the shoulder and the anterior canal; varices thin,
‘ convex; shoulders acute, with a suture between the tip
of the tube and the succeeding varix; suture distinct, moderately deep; tubes stout, arising about midway between varices, directed dorsally, with a decided ad- apical curve (see Table 1 for tube angles); aperture oval, with produced peristome flaring at margin to form
Vol. 7; No. 1
a secondary varix; siphonal fasciole with remnants of earlier canals; umbilical region not deeply grooved or perforate; anterior canal long, widened, closed, with slight bend to right and a noticeable fin-like spur on the labial side. Type Material: Holotype at present is in the Akibumi Teramachi collection, Kyoto, Japan. The paratype is in the Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. no. 9727. Exact replicas of the holotype have been prepared in natural color out of acrylic plastic. One is on deposit in the Stan- ford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. no. 9728. As others are prepared they will be distributed to the major repositories. Type Locality: Holotype and paratype were trawled off Tosa, Japan in approximately 200 m. Lat. 33° 20’ N; Long. 133° 40’ E. Age: Recent. Dimensions: Height 16.5 mm, maximum diameter 10.2 mm (holotype). Height 16.2 mm, maximum diameter 9.8 mm (paratype).
Remarks: This deep-water species has a close affinity to the Australian species Typhis (Typhina) yatesi CRossE & FiscHer, 1865 but is distinguished by a different angle of exit of the tubes, more convex body whorl, with a decidedly contracted base, and narrower anterior canal.
Among the Japanese typhine fauna Typhis imperialis spec. nov. belongs in a compact group that includes T. (Iyphina) montforti A. Apams, 1863'; T. ( Typhina) tosaensis AZUMA, 1960 represented by a single specimen, the holotype, that was trawled in excess of 200 m off Tosa, Japan (this species is also the type species for
' Mr. Teramachi estimates there are less than a dozen specimens known; he kindly gave us one beautiful specimen measuring 17.2 mm by 6.5 mm that was trawled in 60 m off Kii, Japan (see Plate 8, figures 5 to 7).
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Monstrotyphis) ; and T. (Typhina) teramachii spec. nov. trawled off Kii, Japan in more than 100 m and also known from only the holotype.
The similarities and differences can be summarized best in the form of a table that includes only the more obvious points.
The protoconchs of all five species have the same general form - an eccentric nucleus followed by 1} to 14 smooth, round, gradually expanding whorls.
Tube angles on a number of species have been meas- ured and compared and it was found that there is rather wide variation between species belonging to the same group, but within a given species minimal variation in the angle of tube exit was noted. At the present time it is considered that these angles have limited systematic value primarily on a specific level. One example of the value of the angle of tube exit is the subgenus Indotyphis Keen, 1944 in which the last tube is bent ventrally and soldered to the succeeding varix. For the sake of compar- ison, two of the tube angles are tabulated (Table 1) for each of the five species. These are more easily measured from photographs than using the actual shell because one is then working with a flat surface and the shell picture can be enlarged, increasing the accuracy of the measurement. For the “vertical angle” the shell is oriented with the aperture facing left, and the angle is measured between the long axis of the tube near the point of exit and the edge of plane that transects the shell at mid- aperture level (this is at a right angle to the shell’s spiral axis). To determine the “dorsal angle” the shell is viewed from the “top,” that is, the apex; the angle is measured between the long axis of the tube near the point of exit and a line drawn across, parallel with the edge of the aperture. The relationship between the tube and aperture remains constant.
Table 1 Species Shell shape Tube angles’ Varices (excl. Varical shoulder Anterior canal Vertical Dorsal shoulder spine) spine Typhis imperialis _ Biconic 24° 84° 4 crenulations Fluted; curved Widened, a fluted spec. nov. dorsally spine present T. montfortiu Narrowly Gis 47° 4 crenulations Almost closed ; Long, narrow, A. Apams, 1863 __biconic vertical smooth T. teramachu Fusiform 3305 ad 8 crenulations Closed; recurved Long, narrow, spec. nov. ventrally smooth T. tosaensis Markedly ca.60° ca.30° 4 recurved spines Long, narrow Long, narrow, a Azuma, 1960 fusiform closed, recurved closed spine present T. yatesi CRosst & Biconic DR 80° 4-5 crenulations Partially closed, Widened, a fluted
Fiscuer, 1865
> see text
recurved ventrally spine present
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It becomes evident for reliability that tubes measured in a series of shells of the same or different species must be at the same relative stage of development. Ideally this means the last tube in adult shells of the same relative size or age and number of whorls. This was the case for the measurements in Table 1.
Typhis (Typhina) teramachtti KEEN & CAMPBELL, spec. nov.
(Plate 8, figures 9 to 11)
Shell of moderate size, elongate; spire markedly elevated ; teleoconch of five whorls; protoconch of 12 whorls, sub- cylindrical, gradually expanding, forming rounded whorls; nucleus eccentric and smooth; varices four per whorl, with a single spine at the shoulder which is trough-shaped, closed and recurved; varices thin, convex, and free from preceding whorl; lip narrow and foliated with eight forward curving crenulations; shoulder high on spire whorls, acute; periphery moderately contracted to form deep suture; carina between tip of tube and succeeding varix small; tubes long, slender, with a slight bend toward base, steeply inclined toward apex and obliquely to the rear, origin about midway between varices but exit closer to preceding varix (see Table 1 for tube angles) ; aperture oval, with a produced peristome that expands at margin, forming a secondary varix; siphonal fasciole with remnants of previous anterior canals; anterior canal very long, narrow, closed throughout, with a slight dorsal curve.
Type Material: Holotype at present is in the Akibumi Teramachi collection, Kyoto, Japan. Exact replicas of the holotype have been prepared in white acrylic plastic and one is on deposit in the Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll., no. 9729. As others are prepared they will be distributed among several major institutions.
Type Locality: Trawled off Kii, Japan in more than 100 m. Holotype only specimen known. Lat. 33° 48’ N; Long. 134° 53’ E.
Age: Recent.
Dimensions: Height 20.7 mm, <